简介：AccordingtoareportpublishedbythePopulationReferenceBureau(PRB),anestimatednumberof40millionpeoplewerelivingwithHIV/AIDSbytheendof2001.Sub-SaharanAfrica,withlessthan11%oftheworld'spopulation,containsmorethan70%ofallHIV-infectedpeople.Butnoregionisunaffected:

简介：Herfirstthoughtwastocommitsuicide.ButthreeyearsafterXiaShuqingfoundoutshewasHIVpositive,shelaughsandaddsthat,thankstocompensationfromthelocalgovernment,herannualfamilyincomehasnowdoubled.

简介：关键性免疫细胞(CD4细胞)的丢失引起免疫缺陷，导致HIV感染者的发病和死亡，CD4细胞丢失的过程似乎主要继发于高水平的病毒复制。医疗干预的目的是延长生命和提高生活质量，为达到上述目标，HIV感染者需要维持较高的CD4细胞计数、阻止或显著减少病毒复制。联合使用强效抗反转录病毒药物治

简介：作为对HIV的筛选、感染诊断、以及监控疾病进展和疗效观察，现有的检测方法越来越广泛且复杂。

简介：

简介：FewerthanonemillionHIVinfectedindividualsarecurrentlyreceivinganti-retroviraltherapy.ThelimitationsofsuchtreatmenthaveunderscoredtheneedtodevelopmoreeffectivestrategiestocontrolthespreadandpathogenesisofHIV.Typically,naturallyoccurringprotectiveimmuneresponsesprovidetheparadigmforsuchdevelopment.ItisnowclearhoweverthatHIVcanutilisethemillieuofanactivatedimmunesystemtoitsownreplicativeadvantage.Mobilisationoftheimmuneresponse,intendedtothwartofHIVcontributestolackofimmunecontrolandthedevelopmentofprogressivediseaseinthemajorityofinfected,untreatedindividuals.FurtherdelineationoftheintimateinteractionsbetweentheHIVandtheimmunesystemwillbecriticalandrecentadvancesinthisdirectionarediscussed.

简介：Mother-to-ChildHIVIAIDSTransmissionClinicalstudiesindicatethattheriskofperinatalHIV/AIDStransmission,ifnotinterrupted,isbetween15and50percent.Internationalstatisticsshowthateveryyear,thereare2.4millionHIV/AIDSinfectedpregnantwomenwhogivebirthto800,000infectedbabies.HIVinfectionhascausedworldinfantmortalitytoriseby75percent.StatisticspublishedbytheChineseMinistryofHealthshowthatinsomeareas,perinatalHIV/AIDStransmissionhasincreasedfrom0.1percentto0.6percent,andthat30to40percentofinfectedmotherspassthekillervirusontotheirbabies.

简介：SmallinterferingRNA(siRNA)andmicroRNA(miRNA)aresmallRNAsof18-25nucleotides(nt)inlengththatplayimportantrolesinregulatinggeneexpression.TheyareincorporatedintoanRNA-inducedsilencingcomplex(RISC)andserveasguidesforsilencingtheircorrespondingtargetmRNAsbasedoncomplementarybase-pairing.ThepromiseofgenesilencinghasledmanyresearcherstoconsidersiRNAasananti-viraltool.However,inlong-termsettings,manyvirusesappeartoescapefromthistherapeuticalstrategy.Anexampleofthismaybeseeninthecaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirustype-1(HIV-1)whichisabletoevadeRNAsilencingbyeithermutatingthesiRNAtargetedsequenceorbyencodingforapartialsuppressorofRNAi(RNAinterference).Ontheotherhand,becausemiRNAtargetingdoesnotrequireabsolutecomplementarityofbase-pairing,mutationalescapebyvirusesfrommiRNAspecifiedsilencingmaybemoredifficulttoachieve.Inthisreview,wediscussstratagemsusedbyvariousvirusestoavoidthecells'antiviralsi/mi-RNAdefensesandnotionsofhowvirusesmightcontrolandregulatehostcellgenesbyencodingviralmiRNAs(vmiRNAs).

简介：Objective:Tofindoutthebasicconditionsofmycosisinfectionoffull-termpregnantwomen.Methods:Fungusisolationandidentificationfromthevaginalsecretionsandoralspecimensfrom208full-termpregnantwomenwerecarriedoutbyfungicultureandidentifiedfollowingstandardbiologicalpractice.Results:Thepositivedetectionrateforvaginalfungiwas51.92%andfororalfungiitwas47.59%.20.19%hadfungiinboththevaginalandoralcavity.ThefungifoundweremainlyofthespeciesCandidaalbicans.Conclusion:Theprevalenceoffungalmycosisinfectioninfull-termpregnantwomenwashigherthanthatusuallyfoundinnon-pregnantwomen.Inordertopreventfurthercomplicationsandmateral-childtransmission,seriousattentionshouldbepaidtothishighprevalencefinding.

简介：瞄准：为了由学习在IFN-gamma基因多型性，包括的IFN-gamma+874A/T单个核苷酸多型性(SNP)和CA之间的关系探索孩子的危险性到子宫内的HBV感染，重复微卫星多型性和子宫内的HBV感染。方法：在IFN-gamma+874A/T单个核苷酸多型性的TaqMan荧光聚合酶链反应在子宫内的HBV感染组被测试(组我)并且孩子们组织的正常免疫者(组II)。毛状的电气泳动在上述二个组被执行到试金IFN-gammaCA重复微卫星多型性。结果：AA的频率，在并且TT遗传型在感染组织的子宫内的HBV是67.4%，19.6%和13.0%，并且45.2%，30.1%和24.7%分别地在正常有免疫力的孩子组织。有效差量在在二个组之间的IFN-gamma+874遗传型的频率分发被发现(chi2=5.102，P=0.02389)。在子宫内的HBV感染组，AA遗传型比在正常免疫者组织是更普通的。IFN-gamma+874A等位基因的频率在子宫内的HBV感染组是77.17%，并且60.27%在正常有免疫力的孩子组织。在子宫内的HBV感染组，IFN-gamma+874A等位基因比在正常免疫者组织是更普通的。有效差量在在二个组之间的频率分发被发现(chi2=7.238，P=0.02389，或=2.228，95%CI=1.244-3.992)。(CA12)IFN-gammaCA微卫星多型性的+/(CA12)+在子宫内的HBV感染组是11.90%，26.47%在正常有免疫力的孩子组织。有效差量在在二个组之间的频率分发被发现(chi2=5.64，P=0.0176)。IFN-gammaCA重复的频率在子宫内的HBV感染组是25%，43.38%在正常有免疫力的孩子组织。IFN-gammaCA重复的频率比在正常免疫者组织是在子宫内的HBV感染组的更少。有效差量在在二个组之间的频率分发被发现(chi2=7.548，P=0.0060)。结论：在IFN-gamma+874A/TSNP和子宫内的HBV感染之间以及在IFN-gammaCA微卫星多型性和子宫内的HBV感染之间有一种关系。IFN-gamma基因多型性可能在决定个人的危险�

简介：Objective:Tocomparethesensitivityandspecificityofthecervical/urethralswabswithvoidedurinespecimensforthedetectionofgenitourinarytractinfectionwithChlamydiatrachomatisanddeterminewhetherurinespecimenscanreplacethecervical/urethralswabsindetectionofC.trachomatis.Methods:Thematchedcervical/urethralswabsandvoidedurinespecimenswerecollectedfrom569patientsofSTDclinics.Polymerasechainreaction(PCR)assayspecificforC.trachomatisplasmidDNAandrapidantigentesting(Clearviewassay)wasusedtodetectC.trachomatis.Standardcriteriathatdefined""""true""""positiveincluded:1)positivePCRresultsbothincervical/urethralswabandvoidedurinespecimenor2)positivevoidedurineresultsbothbyPCRassayandclearviewtestor3)positiveresultsinbothPCRassayofcervical/urethralswabandclearviewtestofvoidedurine.Forstatisticalanalysis,thechi-squaretestwasused.Results:TheprevalenceofC.trachomatisinpatientswithsymptomswas12.1%(28/231)inwomenand10.4%(10/96)inmen,withnosignificantdifferencebetweenthem(x^2=0.21,P>0.05).TheprevalenceofC.trachomatisinpatientswithnosymptomswas11.0%(11/100)inwomenand15.5%(22/142)inmen,withasignificantdifferenceexistingbetweenthem.(x^2=4.0,P<0.05).Nosignificantdifference(P>0.05)existedbetweenPCRtestingofswabs(sensitivity87.3%;specificity99.2%)andPCRtestingofurine(sensitivity88.7%;specificity98.8%).Asforclearviewassay,sensitivitywas60.6%andspecificitywas100%.Conclusions:PCRassayissuperiortoclearviewindetectingC.trachomatis.AlthoughbothPCRtestingofswabsandPCRtestingofurinespecimensbothhavehighsensitivityandspecificity,urinespecimentestingismorecost-effective,practicalandnoninvasive.ThusurinespecimenscantaketheplaceoftheswabsinPCRtestingforchlamydia.

简介：Toinvestigatethematernal-infantileinfectionwithhumanparvovirusB19,theIgGandIgMantibodiesagainsthumanparvovirusandtheB19-DNAinserumandperipheralbloodmononuclearcells(PBMC)ofpregnantwomenaswellastheserumIgMantibodyagainstB19andtheB19-DNAinserumandcordbloodnucleatedcells(CBNC)ofnewbornsweredeterminedbyELISAandnestedPCRrespectively.ItwasfoundthatthepositiverateoftheIgGantibodyagainsthumanparvovirusB19inseraof92pregnantwomenwas38.04%(35/92),andthatoftheIgMantibodyin720pregnantwomenwas9.03%(65/720).However,theIgMantibodyagainsthumanparvovirasB19wasnegativeinthecordbloodseraof95newborns.AstothehumanparvovirasB19DNA,noneof720pregnantwomenand95newbornswasprovedtobepositiveintheirsera,Nevertheless,thepositiverateoftheparvovirasB19DNAinPBMCwas3.06%(3/98)in98pregnantwomenand1.12%(1/89)inCBNCof89newborns.ItisconcludedthatthehistoryofinfectionwithhumanparvovirasB19existsincertainpregnantwomenwithasmallpercentageofpregnantwomeninfectedwithrecentoracuteinfectionsofB19virus.ThedetectionratesoftheB19viralDNAinPBMCofpregnantwomenandCBNCofnewbornswerehigherthanthoseinsera,indicatingthattheriskforverticaltransmissionisverylow.

简介：Themonkhasauspiciouspatternstattooedonhisforearms,followingafolkbeliefthatthetattoocouldchaseevilspiritsaway,andprotecthimfromcontractinganyincurabledisease.ThefaithisshakynowintheshadowofHIV/AIDSloomingaroundtheManchunmanTempleof1,400yearsold,wherethe24-year-oldDuSuwasordained14yearsago."Yourmonkerydoesn’tnecessarilyimmunizeyoufromit(AIDS).Really,nothingcankeepthatevilawayunlessyouliveahealthylife—nodrugabuse,nounsafesex,"saystheyoungmonkshyly,glancingathistattooedrightwrist.Hebecameawareofthedreadfuldiseasewhenitclaimedthelifeofthevoungerbrotherofhismaster,asenior

简介：Objective:TomakeasummaryofthetrendsofHIV/AIDSepidemicandrouteoftransmissioninShenzhenfrom1992to2000toprovidescientificevidenceforthepolicy-makertoformulatestrategiesofHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolinShenzhen.Method:ToanalyzeHIV/AIDSsurveillancedatainShenzhenfrom1992to2000bysoftwareEpi-Info.Results:OnehundredandtwoHIVpositivecasesincluding18AIDScases(threecasesdeceased)wereidentifiedinShenzhenfrom1992to2000.Amongthe102cases,thoseinfectedviasexwere46.0%,intravenousdruguse42.9%.Blooddonation7.8%,bloodtransfusionrecipient3.9%,andindeterminate2%.Conclusion:InShenzhen,HIV/AIDSinfectionisspreadingandincreasingrapidly.EffectivepreventionmeasuresmustbetakentoreducetheHIVprevalenceassoonaspossible.

简介：1981年，首次发现艾滋病（AIDS），1983～1984年研究人员从艾滋病感染者体内成功分离出其病原体——人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）；在此基础上，第一种HIV抗体检测试剂于1985年在美国问世。在20年的时间里，HIv的检测技术有了长足的进展，推动着HIV的诊断试剂不断发展。回顾HIV检测方法发展的历程，不难看出，AIDS防治的需要是诊断试剂发展的动力；另一方面，对HIV感染和病毒学认识的不断深入以及分子生物学技术的进步也是HIV诊断试剂发展的前提和保证。

简介：现在有数百万人是HIV病毒携带者,而可能其中很大一部分人为了休闲、进修或做生意会到国外去。到国外去旅行使旅游者暴露于不寻常的感染,对HIV病毒携带者来说,由于细胞免疫及体液免疫功能差感染的危险性增加。活病毒疫苗的危险性较大,而许多疫苗所能发挥的作用微乎

简介：自艾滋病广泛流行以来，结核病被认为是HIV感染者的最主要的机会性感染病症之一。HIV也逐渐成为导致结核进展的最主要危险因素。本文讨论了HIV对结核的症状、诊断和治疗的影响。

简介：Comparedwithhighinfectionareasoftheworld,thetotalHIVinfectionrateinChinaisrelativelylow.Nonetheless,becauseofChina'svastterritoryandlargepopulation,thepotentialinfectionriskmustbetakenseriously.Inthenextfewyears,needlesharingamonginjectiondruguserswillremainthemostcommonrouteoftransmissionfortheHIV/AIDSepidemicinChina.Unprotectedsexisgraduallybecomingamajorrouteoftransmission.ChinabegantoimplementHAARTin1999accordingtointernationalstandards.Priorto2003,therewereonlyabout150HIV/AIDSpatientsweretreatedwithHAARTinsomeclinicaltrialsandabout100HIV/AIDSpatientsweretreatedbyprivatesources.ResultsofthosetreatmentsarethescientificbasisfordevelopmentofthetherapeuticstrategiesinChina.InMarchof2003,theChinesegovernmentinitiatedChinaCARESprogram.InNovemberof2003,theChineseMinistryofHealthannouncedanationalpolicyoffreeARVtreatmenttoallHIV+ChinesecitizenswhowereinpovertyandrequiredARVtherapy.Therearetotalof19,456HIV/AIDSpatientsreceivedfreeARVdrugstodatein159regionsand441towns.Currentchallengesarehowtofollow-upandevaluatethosepatientsintheclinicalsettings.Thelongerthetherapyispostponed,themoresideeffectsandthehigherprobabilityofdrugresistancearegoingtooccur.Itremainsunclear,therefore,whenHAARTregimenshouldbestartedintheHIV/AIDSpopulationinChina.

简介：<正>Manyvirusesestablishlife-longinfectionsintheirnaturalhostwithfewifanyclinicalmanifestations.Therelationshipbetweenvirusandhostisadynamicprocessinwhichthevirushasevolvedthemeanstocoexistbyreducingitsvisibility,whilethehostimmunesystemattemptstosuppressandeliminateinfectionwithoutdamagetoitself.Wearenowbeginningtounderstandthatvirusescanemployavarietyofstrategiestoevadehostimmuneresponses.TheseincludeescapefromTcellrecognition,resistanceto

简介：Chinesenongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)haveplayedasignificantroleinthebattleagainstAIDSinthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Thisarticleprovidesabriefoverviewofthestructureoftheseorganizations,aswellasananalysisoftheirprincipleaccomplishments.OfgreatsignificanceinthisanalysisisthefactthatChineseNGOshaveeffectivelydealtwithmanysensitivehealtheducationareasthatgovernmentauthoritieshavefeltreluctanttohandledirectly.Assuch,theyhaveprovidedanindispensablecomponentintheHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolcalculusonthemainland.