简介：Traumaticinjuriestothecentralnervoussystem(CNS),includingtraumaticbraininjury(TBI)andspinalcordinjury(SCI),ofteninvolveanimmediatemechanicaldamagetoplasmamembranethatsurroundsneuronalsomataandaxons.Thisinitialdisruptionofplasmamembranefollowinginjurieshasbeenconvincinglydemonstratedbyincreasedmembrane

简介：BACKGROUND:Exposuretolow-levelleadhasatoxiceffectonthedevelopmentofneonates,whichhasattractedwideattention.Colostrumleadlevelcanbeusedastheindicationofleadexposure.OBJECTIVE:Toobservetherelationshipofcolostrumleadlevelandtheneurobehavioraldevelopmentofinfants.DESIGN:Aprospectivecontrolobservation.SETTING:CenterforMaternalandChildHealth,ShanxiProvincialChildren'sHospital.PARTICIPANTS:Totally128neonatesoffull-termnormaldelivery,76maleand52female,fromShanxiProvincialMaternalandChildHealthCenterandJiexiuMaternalandChildHealthCenterwereinvolvedinthisstudy.Alltheinvolvedneonateshadnoperipartalischemic/hypoxichistoryorfetusintrauterinedevelopmentallag.Pregnantwomenhadnovariousacuteandchronicdiseasesinpregnancy,familyhistoryofneurologicaldiseaseoroccupationalleadexposure.128portionsofcolostrumsampleoffull-termnormaldeliverywerecollected.Informedconsentsofdetecteditemswereobtainedfromthepuerperantsandtheirrelatives.METHODS:①Experimentalgrouping:Leadlevelinthecolostrumwasdeterminedbyatomicabsorptionspectrometry.Accordingtoleadlevelinthecolostrum,theneonateswereclassifiedintotwoexposuregroupsofgreaterthanorequalto0.24μmol/Linahigh-levelleadgroupandlessthan0.24μmol/Linalow-levelleadgroup.②Experimentalevaluation:Mentaldevelopmentalindex(MDI)andpsychologicaldevelopmentalindex(PDI)of3-month-oldinfantswereevaluatedwithBayleyScalesofInfantDevelopment(BSID).TherelationshipsofMDI,PDIandcolostrumleadlevelwereperformedcorrelationregressionanalysis;Therelationshipofcolostrumleadlevelanddevelopmentwasperformedmulti-factoranalysiswithfamilyenvironmentandhealthquestionnaires.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:①EvaluationresultsofMDIandPDI.②Multi-factoranalysisresults.RESULTS:Totally128neonateswereinvolvedinthestudy.Tenandelevenneonateswerelostduetoemigra

简介：Thebrainasasystemwithgraduallydecreasingresourcesmaximizesitschancesbyreorganizingneuralnetworkstoensureefficientperformance.Auditoryevent-relatedpotentialswererecordedin28healthyvolunteerscomprising14youngand14elderlysubjectsinauditorydiscriminationmotortask(lowfrequencytone-righthandmovementandhighfrequencytone-lefthandmovement).Theamplitudesofthesensoryevent-relatedpotentialcomponents(N1,P2)weremorepronouncedwithincreasingageforeithertoneandthiseffectforP2amplitudewasmorepronouncedinthefrontalregion.ThelatencyrelationshipofN1betweenthegroupswastone-dependent,whilethatofP2wastone-independentwithaprominentdelayintheelderlygroupoverallbrainregions.Theamplitudesofthecognitivecomponents(N2,P3)diminishedwithincreasingageandthehemisphericasymmetryofN2(butnotforP3)reducedwithincreasingage.ProlongedN2latencywithincreasingagewaswidespreadforeithertonewhilebetween-groupdifferenceinP3latencywastone-dependent.HighfrequencytonestimulationandmovementrequirementsleadtoP3delayintheelderlygroup.Theamplitudedifferenceofthesensorycomponentsbetweentheagegroupscouldbeduetoageneralgreateralertness,lessexpressedhabituation,ordeclineintheabilitytoretreatattentionalresourcesfromthestimuliintheelderlygroup.Withaging,aneuralcircuitreorganizationofthebrainactivityaffectsthecognitiveprocesses.Theapproachusedinthisstudyisusefulforanearlydiscriminationbetweennormalandpathologicalbrainagingforearlytreatmentofcognitivealterationsanddementia.

简介：Thequestforneuroprotectivedrugstoslowtheprogressionofneurodegenerativediseases(NDDs),includingAlzheimer'sdisease(AD),Parkinson'sdisease(PD),andHuntington'sdisease(HD),hasbeenlargelyunrewarding.Preclinicalevidencesuggeststhatrepurposingquetiapine,lithium,valproate,fluoxetine,donepezil,andmemantineforearlyandpre-symptomaticdisease-modificationinNDDsmaybepromisingandcanspareregulatorybarriers.Theliteratureofthesepsychotropicsinearlystageandpre-symptomaticAD,PD,andHDisreviewedandpropitiousfindingsfollow.Mildcognitiveimpairment(MCI)phaseofAD:salutaryhumanrandomizedcontrolledtrialfindingsforlow-doselithiumand,inselectedpatients,donepezilawaitreplication.Pre-symptomaticAD:humanepidemiologicaldataindicatethatlithiumreducesADrisk.Animalmodelstudies(AMS)revealencouragingresultsforquetiapine,lithium,donepezil,andmemantine.EarlyPD:valproateAMSfindingsshowpromise.Pre-symptomaticPD:lithiumandvalproateAMSfindingsareencouraging.EarlyHD:uncontrolledclinicaldataindicatenon-progressionwithlithium,fluoxetine,donepezil,andmemantine.Pre-symptomaticHD:lithiumandvalproateareauspiciousinAMS.Manyotherpromisingfindingsawaitingreplication(valproateinMCI;lithium,valproate,fluoxetineinpre-symptomaticAD;lithiuminearlyPD;lithium,valproate,fluoxetineinpre-symptomaticPD;donepezilinearlyHD;lithium,fluoxetine,memantineinpre-symptomaticHD)arereviewed.Dose-andstage-dependenteffectsareconsidered.Suggestionsforsignal-enhancementinhumantrialsareprovidedforeachNDDstage.

简介：BACKGROUND:ItisknownthatacupuncturetherapycandecreaseplasmaneuropeptideY(NPY)levelsinpatientswithcerebralinfarction,butdifferenttypesofacupuncturetherapyusedinvariousstagesofcerebralinfarctionhavenotbeenevaluated.OBJECTIVE:Toexploretheeffectofacupuncturetherapyonresuscitation(XingnaoKaiqiao)andplasmaNPYlevelsinpatientswithveryearlystageacutecerebralinfarction.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:Thiscase-controlledstudywasperformedattheAffiliatedHospitaloftheMedicalCollegeoftheChinesePeople'sArmedPoliceForcebetweenSeptember2004andOctober2005.PARTICIPANTS:Sixtypatientswithacutecerebralinfarctionof≤6hourswereusedinthisstudy.Patientswererandomlydividedintoanacupuncturetherapygroup(n=30)andaroutinetreatmentgroup(n=30).Another30healthysubjectswereusedasthecontrolgroup.METHODS:TheacupuncturetherapyofXingnaoKaiqiaousedintheacupuncturetherapygroupwasbasedonroutinewesternmedicaltreatmentandwasperformedatbilateralNeiguan(PC6)usingthetwirling,reinforcing-reducingmethod,Renzhong(DU26)usingheavybird-peckingneedling,Sanyinjiao(SP6)usingreinforcingandreducingbyliftingandthrustingtheneedle,Jiquan(HT1),Weizhong(BL40)andChize(LU5)usingreinforcingandreducingbyliftingandthrustingtheneedle.Theacupuncturelastedfor14days.Patientsintheroutinetreatmentgroupunderwentroutinemedicaltreatmentandnointerventionwasgiventosubjectsinthecontrolgroup.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:A4mLvenousbloodsamplewasobtainedatdifferenttimepoints,i.e.,immediatelyafterhospitalization,thenextmorning,7and14daysaftertreatment,tomeasureplasmaNPYlevelspre-andpost-treatmentusingtheradio-immunitymethod.RESULTS:TheplasmaNPYlevelsweresignificantlyhigherinboththeroutinetreatmentgroupandtheacupuncturetherapygroupthaninthecontrolgrouppre-andpost-treatment(P<0.01).Inparticular,theplasmaNPYlevelsinboththeacupuncturetherapygroupa