简介：AbstractObjective:The study objective was to investigate whether endogenous glucocorticoids directly impact the functions and proliferation/apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells.Methods:Primary rat ovarian granulosa cells were cultured and treated with graded concentrations of corticosterone either alone or in the presence of the indicated drugs. After 48 h of treatment, the cells and growth media were collected to measure intracellular and extracellular progesterone/estradiol concentrations, and steroid secretion ratios were obtained by parameter calculation. The number of granulosa cells was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8. To determine the impact on cell numbers, granulosa cell proliferation was detected using the BrdU incorporation method and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.Results:First, high corticosterone concentrations significantly stimulated progesterone synthesis/secretion and inhibited estradiol synthesis in cultured granulosa cells. Second, accompanied by follicle-stimulating hormone, high corticosterone concentrations promoted progesterone synthesis/release and estradiol release. Last, high corticosterone concentrations increased the cell number and suppressed apoptosis but did not induce cell proliferation.Conclusions:These indicate that high glucocorticoid concentrations may play luteotropic roles in the functions and number of corpora lutea.

简介：Itiswellknownthatduringmammalianovarianfolliculardevelopment,themajorityoffolliclesundergoatresiaatvariousstagesoftheirdevelopment.However,themechanismscontrollingthisselectionprocessremainunknown.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedapoptosisingranulosacellsduringgoatfollicularatresiabyterminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling(TUNEL).Thechangesinthelevelsofsteroids,insulin-likegrowthfactors(IGFs)andIGFreceptorswerestudiedbyradioimmunoassay(RIA)andsemi-quantitativereversetranscription-PCR.Wefoundthatthepercentageofapoptoticgranulosacellsintheatretic(A)follicleswassignificantlyhigherthanthatintheslightlyatretic(SA)andhealthy(H)follicles.ThelevelofestradiolandtheratioofestradioltoprogesteroneinHfolliclesweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinAfollicles.Ontheotherhand,thelevelofprogesteronewasnotsignificantlydifferentamongthesefollicletypes.WealsofoundthatthelevelofIGF-IinHfollicleswashigherthaninSAandAfollicles,whereastheamountofIGF-Ⅱdidnotvarysignificantly.TheexpressionofIGFreceptoralsodecreasedinAfolliclesascomparedtothatinHandSAfollicles.TheseresultssuggestedthatestradiolandIGF-Imightbeinvolvedincontrollingapoptosisingranulosacellsduringfollicularatresia.

简介：AbstractWith the development of human assisted reproductive technology (ART), an objective, accurate, and non-invasive method to assess the quality and viability of oocytes and embryos remains one of the most significant goals. Granulosa cells (GCs) play an essential role in oocyte development. GCs can differentiate into mural GCs (MGCs) and cumulus cells (CCs) under the influence of oocytes. MGCs promote the growth and development of follicles by secreting cytokines and steroid hormones. Simultaneously, CCs can form cumulus-oocyte complexes to communicate with oocytes through gap junctions and promote oocyte growth and maturation. Seeking suitable biomarkers in GCs provides a direction for the non-invasive assessment of oocyte and embryo abilities during ART procedures. To date, only a few studies have investigated potentially effective GC biomarkers during ART processes, such as the apoptosis of GCs, transcriptomic characteristics of GCs, quality and quantity of mitochondria in GCs, and telomere length of such cells. These are potential reference indices for screening high-quality oocytes and embryos. Independent studies on MGCs and CCs can provide more effective results. Although there is scope for optimization and improvement, the results have become increasingly accurate with the constant advances in technology. Due to the heterogeneity of the study population and technical limitations, clinical tests for GCs cannot be performed as part of routine tests, but their prospects are promising. This article reviews the biomarkers that have been studied in MGCs and CCs.

简介：pluri有势力干细胞的能力为治疗长期、退化的疾病在新奇房间代替治疗学的开发保持大诺言修理干细胞在住的纸巾。然而，众多的报告证明甚至在一个自体同源的背景，那干细胞治疗触发淋巴细胞渗入和发炎。因此，要回答的一个重要问题是主人免疫系统怎么对嫁接自体同源的干细胞或allogeneous干细胞作出回应。在这简短评论，我们在这块地里在几个相关区域总结进步，包括一些我们的数据，在四节：(1)干细胞的immunogenicity；(2)禁止有免疫力的拒绝到allograft干细胞的策略；(3)对癌症干细胞的有免疫力的回答；并且(4)在有免疫力的规定的间充质的干细胞。我们这些和有免疫力的系统茎细胞相互影响的另外的方面上的理解的改进将极大地便于茎的发展为再生目的基于房间的治疗学。

简介：与他们在文化经历无限的自强并且在身体区分进所有房间类型的能力，人的胚胎的干细胞(hESCs)为治疗保持大潜力当前不治之症。为针的绳索损害和有斑点的退化的二基于hESC的房间治疗被推进了进人的临床的试用。尽管有这快速的进步，基于hESC的房间治疗的一关键挑战是由接受者的导出hESC的房间的allogeneic免疫者拒绝。这个问题能被病人特定的体的房间的原子reprogramming被最近的突破与定义因素在导致的pluripotent干细胞(iPSCs)的技术减轻它能为房间治疗成为自体同源的房间的可更新的来源。然而，揭示反常epigenetics，genomic稳定性和iPSCs的immunogenicity的最近的研究在基于iPSC的治疗上提起了安全担心。与iPSC衍生物的immunogenicity有关的最近的调查结果将在这评论被总结。

简介：在vivo，研究证明那个树枝状的房间(DC)机能障碍发生在肿瘤微型环境。当肿瘤由许多种房间组成，不成熟的DC(imDCs)上的肿瘤房间的直接效果在vitro为进一步的研究被需要。在现在的学习，骨头导出髓的imDCs在vitro与淋巴瘤，hepatoma和menaloma房间被孵化，在imDCs的表面分子被流动cytometry决定。然后，imDCs与肿瘤孵化了房间或控制imDCs进一步与肿瘤lysates被搏动然后与splenocytes孵化了执行混合淋巴细胞反应。DC依赖的肿瘤抗原特定的T房间增长，和IL-12分泌物被流动cytometry，和连接酶的immunosorbent试金分别地决定。最后，DC依赖的联系肿瘤的抗原特定的CTL被连接酶的immunospot试金决定。结果显示出那肿瘤cell-DC孵化下面调整在imDCs的表面分子例如CD80，CD54，CD11b，CD11a和MHC班II分子。DC依赖的抗原特定的T房间增长和IL-12分泌物的能力被肿瘤房间孵化也在vitro减少。最重要地，为DC的antigenic特定的CTLpriming的能力被孵化也与肿瘤房间减少。在礼品，在vitro，学习证明肿瘤房间合作孵化和合作孵化系统导致的DC的有缺点的能力可能直接为肿瘤免疫者房间的未来学习是有用的相互作用并且为药屏幕有免疫力调整。

简介：人的pluripotent干细胞代表功能的胰腺的内分泌的系房间的潜在地无限的来源。这里，我们报导一条高度有效的途径导致人的胚胎的茎(ES)细胞和导致的pluripotent茎(iPS)在一个定义化学药品的文化系统区分进成熟生产胰岛素的细胞的细胞。这条途径获得的区分的人的ES房间由流动cytometry分析作为assayed包括了将近25%胰岛素积极的房间，它以比得上成年人的小岛的一种方式响应葡萄糖刺激释放了insulin/C-peptide。大多数这些生产胰岛素的房间共同表示成熟尾房间特定的标记象NKX6-1和PDX1那样，在vivo显示一个类似的基因表示模式到成年小岛尾房间。在这研究，我们也证明EGF便于PDX1积极的胰腺的祖先的扩大。而且，我们的协议也成功了高效地导致人的iPS房间区分进生产胰岛素的房间。因此，这个工作不仅提供一个新模型在vitro学习人的胰腺的专门化和成熟的机制，而且提高为糖尿病的处理利用病人特定的iPS房间的可能性。

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简介：AbstractMammalian follicles are composed of oocytes, granulosa cells, and theca cells. Theca cells form in the secondary follicles, maintaining follicular structural integrity and secreting steroid hormones. Two main sources of theca cells exist: Wilms tumor 1 positive (Wt1+) cells native to the ovary and Gli1+ mesenchymal cells migrated from the mesonephros. Normal folliculogenesis is a process where oocytes, granulosa cells, and theca cells constantly interact with and support each other through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The proliferation and differentiation of theca cells are regulated by oocyte-derived factors, including growth development factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15, and granulosa cell-derived factors, including desert hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, kit ligand, insulin-like growth factor 1, as well as hormones such as insulin and growth hormones. Current research on the origin of theca cells is limited. Identifying the origin of theca cells will help us to systematically elaborate the mechanisms of follicular formation and development.

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简介：生来的杀手(NK)房间是天生的免疫系统的部分并且由于他们没有优先的促进感受性，杀死感染的房间或癌症房间的能力是为免疫疗法的一种诱惑选择。在整个过去的20年，不同的组能在vitro复制NK房间开发，并且NK房间个体发生学习提供了基础让协议的建立为免疫疗法在vitro生产NK房间。这里，我们简短讨论NK房间开发和NK房间免疫疗法途径。我们考察为在vitro的房间区别，干细胞采购被使用的、出版协议，质问的NK需要的因素，为好生产的未来方向练习协议。

简介：AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) into endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) under certain induction conditions and to a further step provide a promising approach for ASCs in clinical practice to the treatment of severe intrauterine adhesion.Methods:Four groups of hASCs were separately cultured as follows: in Group 1, hASCs were cultured in a control medium (5% fetal bovine serum [FBS] + α-minimum Eagle’s medium [α-MEM]); in Group 2, hASCs were cultured in an induction medium (5% FBS + α-MEM + [1 × 10-7 mol/L 17β-estradiol] + 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor β1 [TGF-β1] + 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor [EGF] + 10 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor BB [PDGF-BB]); in Group 3, hASCs and human endometrium cells (hEMCs) were cocultured in the control medium; and in Group 4, hASCs and hEMCs were cocultured in the induction medium.Results:When cocultured with hEMCs, the morphology of hASCs became similar with EECs, and the addition of factors such as EGF, TGFβ, PDGF-BB, and 17β-estradiol promoted differentiation. This study, for the first time, demonstrated estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ expression in hASCs and preliminarily explored changes in ERα, ERβ, β-catenin, and H19 mRNA expression during hASC differentiation. Furthermore, we concluded that H19 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with differentiation, which is seemingly related to the estrogen signaling pathway.Conclusions:hASCs revealed the potential for differentiating to EECs when cocultured with hEMCs.

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简介：T助手17(Th17)房间处于生理的条件有规章、保护的角色。Th17子集和cytokineinterleukin-17A(IL-17A)在某些自体免疫的疾病，癌症的几种类型和allograft拒绝的致病被含有。然而，在母亲/胎儿的接口的Th17房间的角色仍然保持未知。这里，我们证明Th17房间在蜕膜是在场的并且基于细胞内部的cytokine分析在10临床上正常的怀孕的外部血被增加。我们的结果在在人支撑怀孕建议Th17房间的一个潜在的角色。而且，我们证明蜕膜的stromal房间(DSC)然而并非trophoblast房间招募外部Th17房间进由secretingCCL2的蜕膜。招募的Th17房间支持增长和侵略并且在怀孕的第一个三个月期间由secretingIL-17禁止人的trophoblast房间的apoptosis。这些调查结果在控制母亲胎儿的关系和胎盘开发为Th17房间显示一个新奇角色。

简介：Parthenogeneticembryonicstemcellshavepluripotentdifferentiationpotentials,akintofertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcells.Theaimofthisstudywastocomparetheneuronaldifferentiationpotentialofparthenogeneticandfertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcells.Beforedifferentiation,karyotypeanalysiswasperformed,withnormalkaryotypesdetectedinbothparthenogeneticandfertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcells.SexchromosomeswereidentifiedasXX.Immunocytochemistryandquantitativereal-timePCRdetectedhighexpressionofthepluripotentgene,Oct4,atboththemRNAandproteinlevels,indicatingpluripotentdifferentiationpotentialofthetwoembryonicstemcellsubtypes.Embryonicstemcellswereinducedwithretinoicacidtoformembryoidbodies,andthendispersedintosinglecells.SinglecellsweredifferentiatedinN2differentiationmediumfor9days.Immunocytochemistryshowedparthenogeneticandfertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcellsbothexpresstheneuronalcellmarkersnestin,βIII-tubulinandmyelinbasicprotein.Quantitativereal-timePCRfoundexpressionofneurogenesisrelatedgenes(Sox-1,Nestin,GABA,Pax6,Zic5andPitx1)inbothtypesofembryonicstemcells,andOct4expressionwassignificantlydecreased.NestinandPax6expressioninparthenogeneticembryonicstemcellswassignificantlyhigherthanthatinfertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcells.Thus,ourexperimentalfindingsindicatethatparthenogeneticembryonicstemcellshavestrongerneuronaldifferentiationpotentialthanfertilizedembryo-derivedembryonicstemcells.

简介：在在最后十年的免疫学的最重要的进步是对规章的淋巴细胞，在Treg之中，房间和规章的NKT房间对不仅免疫学者而且几乎所有生物医学的研究人员吸引人的描述。同时，NK房间是“杀手”而且调整天生、适应的免疫，这被注意不仅特别在早舞台，由secreting，cytokines和房间房间联系。在这评论，我们将简短包括T房间在规章的淋巴细胞总结进步(Treg，Tr1，Th3)，NKT房间和NK房间，然后广泛地在两正常有免疫力的回答并且处于疾病状况介绍NK房间的积极规章的功能(肿瘤，感染和autoimmunity)，并且最后，在正常、病原的有免疫力的反应上在NK房间的否定规章的效果集中于最最近的前进。在结论，我们推测那“规章的NK(NK-reg)”房间子集存在并且需要探索。细胞与分子的免疫学。2006；3(4):241-254。

简介：AbstractAs human life expectancy continues to increase and the birth rate continues to decline, the phenomenon of aging is becoming more prominent worldwide. Therefore, addressing the problems associated with global aging has become a current research focus. The main manifestations of human aging are structural degeneration and functional decline of aging tissues and organs, quality of life decline, decreased ability to resist diseases, and high incidence rates of a variety of senile degenerative diseases. Thus far, no ideal treatments have been found. Stem cell (SC) therapies have broad application prospects in the field of regenerative medicine due to the inherent biological characteristics of SCs, such as their plasticity, self-renewal, and multidirectional differentiation potential. Thus, SCs could delay or even reverse aging. This manuscript reviews the causes of human aging, the biological characteristics of SCs, and research progress on age reversal.

简介：Adultstem/progenitorcellsplayimportantrolesintissuehomeostasisandhaveimportantimplicationsforregenerativemedicine.Itwasoncethoughtthatformationofnewbloodvesselsinadultonlyoccursthroughangiogenesis,aprocesswherebynewvesselsareformedfromexistingmatureendothelialcells;whilevasculogenesis,wherenewvesselsarederivedfromdifferentiationofendothelialprogenitorcells(EPCs),wasthoughttooccurexclusivelyinembryos.ThediscoveryofadultEPCsafewyearsagohaschangedthisoldparadigm;andsubsequentstudiesshowedthatEPCsmaybeapromisingtoolforthetreatmentofvasculardisorders.However,therehavebeenconflictingreportsonsubtypes,surfacemarkers,andfunctionsofEPCs;andthustheexactoriginandidentityofEPCsremaintobedefined.AcommonapproachtoobtainEPCsistoisolateandculturemononuclearcellsfromperipheralbloodandtoselectadherentcellsfor