简介：SyphilisisafocalpointinpreventionandcontrolofSTDs.Syplhilisnowpresentsdifferentepidemiologicalandclinicalfeaturestothepast,andthesyphilisepidemicisnotseriousaspreviously-latesyphilisandcongenitalsyphilisbeingrelativelyrareinthewholecountry.Theclinicalfeaturesofskinlesionsinprimaryandsecondarysyphilishavenotchangedsubstantiallybuttheproportionofvarioustypesoflesionsisdifferenttothepast.AssyphilishasnotbeenpresentinChinaformorethan15years,someyoungmedicalworkershavenoexperienceinthediagnosisandtreatmentofthisdisease.Theyoftenmisdiagnoseormissdiagnosis.Thesemedicalworkersneedbetterknowledgeandtreatmentskills.Inordertocontrolsyphilisassoonaspossiblethroughearlydiagnosisandtreatment,thisarticlegivesanintroductiontothisissueforcolleaguesbywayofacomparisonofthepaststatusandthepresent.

简介：AbstractObjective:To describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in China in 2018 and provide the essential evidences for leprosy control.Methods:We collected data of leprosy cases nationwide from Leprosy Management Information System in China (LEPMIS) except Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. And then we performed a descriptive and comparative analysis.Results:A total of 521 new leprosy cases were detected nationwide in 2018, with a case detection rate of 0.037/100,000. The proportion of children under 15 years of age, multi-bacillary (MB) cases, and cases with WHO grade 2 disability (G2D) were 1.3%, 89.4%, and 19.0%, respectively. There were 2,479 registered cases of leprosy in China by the end of 2018, accounting for a prevalence rate of 0.178/100,000, with 43 replase cases. Southwest China separately accounted for 312/521 (59.9%) newly detected cases and 1,180/2,479 (47.6%) registered cases of leprosy in China.Conclusion:China is a low endemic country for leprosy and the detection rate was much lower than the global average. Southwest China is still the key regions for leprosy control, including Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. In addition, leprosy in low endemic provinces also needs to be focused.

简介：Heartfailure(HF)isacomplexclinicalsyndromethatresultsfromanystructuralorfunctionalimpairmentofventricularfillingorejectionofblood.HFisoneofthemostimportantandsevereendstagesofmanycardiovasculardiseases.EpidemiologicalstudiesofHFhavefocusedmainlyontheprevalence,incidence,mortality,fatality,anddistributionandtemporaltrendsoftheseindicatorsamongdifferentpopulations.ThisreviewhighlightsimportantepidemiologicalstudiesofHFinChina.

简介：ThisarticlepresentstheepidemiologicalsurveyofthepatientsatthedispensaryoftheBeijingCapitalAirportfromJuly,1991toJune,1992.Theconstituentratiosofdiseaseandagewereanalyzed.TheresultsofthisstudymaybeprovedhelpfultotheemergencytreatmentatcertainAirports.

简介：IntroductionThenumberofelderlypersonsisincreasingallovertheworld.Thisstrongdemographictrendwillaffectoursocietiesprofoundly.Sincethelargestrelativeincreaseisexpectedtooccurinthegroupofveryoldpersons,over80yearsofage,thedemandsonthesocietyandonrelativesintermsofhealth-andsocialcareareconsiderable.Theinfluenceofageingontheauditoryfunctionispronounced.Age-relatedhearingloss(ARHL),orpresbyacusis,belongstooneofthethreemostfrequentlyreportedchronichealthproblemsinoldage,andisalsothemostprevalentcauseofhearingloss.Communicationwithotherpeople,andtheauditorysystemisthemostimportantlinkincommunication.ARHLhasoftenadevastatingeffectonthesocialcontactsandqualityoflifeofmanyelderlypeople.

简介：MACAO,WHICHISlocatedinthesoutheasterncoastofChina,becameaSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChinaintheyear1999.Previoustothis,MacaowasundertheadministrationofthePortugueseGovernment.AlthoughpartofChina,Macaocontinuestohaveitsownpoliticalandlegislationsystems,whicharequitedifferentfromthesystemsexistinginmainlandChina.Inthelast20years,significantdevelopmenthasoccurredintheeconomy.

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简介：Objective:Toevaluatetheepidemiologiccharacteristicsofexpresswaytraffictraumain2040casesinZhejiangProvince.Methods:Thedataof2040casesofexpresswaytraffictraumatakenfromZhejiangProvincialExpresswayTrafficBureauwereanalyzedwithcomputertechniques.Results:Atotalof2040personswereinjuredin7963expresswaytrafficaccidentsinZhejiangProvincefromJanuary1999toDecember2001.Amongthem,435personsdied(mortality,21.3%)and1605wereinjured.Theeconomiclosseswereover170millionyuanRMB.Theaccidentscausedbyhumanfactorsaccountedfor84.9%(vehicledriversaccountingfor79.2%),whichmainlyincludedimpropermeasures(20.4%),steeringfailure(17.7%),insufficientlongitudinalspace(15.9%),overspeeddrive(12.5%),fatiguedrive(6.4%),loadingviolation(5.9%)andcarelessdrive(6.3%).Mechanicaltroublesandotherfactorstookup15.1%.Thereexistedobviousunevendistributionamongvariousregions.JiaxingandShaoxingwerethesectionswithhighincidenceofaccidents.Theaccidentsmostlyhappenedat12:00-18:00,butthecausing-deadonesmostconcentratedat0:00-6:00.Themainvictimswereyoungandmiddle-agedpeople(accountingfor72.3%),butaccident-strickenchildrenandelderlypersons(over70yearsold)tookuphighermortalities(30.2%and40.7%,respectively).Conclusions:Thenumberofexpresswaytrafficaccidentsandtheeconomiclossesareincreasingyearbyyear,withobviousunevendistributionatdifferentplaces,differenttimeandunderdifferentweatherconditions.Toreducetheaccidentfrequency,itisimportanttostrengthentheenforcementoftrafficregulation,tobalancethesystemof'person-vehicle-road',andtoimprovethesafetyconsciousnessofpeople.

简介：Objectives:TounderstandtrendsandepidemiologicalfeaturesofsyphilisovertherecentyearsinChinaandprovideascientificbasisfordevelopingpreventionstrategies.Methods:From1985to2000,syphiliscase-reportingdatacollectedfromallprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitieswereanalyzedbyapplyingepidemiologicalmethods.Results:(1)Epidemictrends:syphilisincidencehassteadilyriseninChinafrom1985to2000,especiallyafter1993,whenitassumedanexponentialgrowthpattern.80,406casesofsyphiliswerereportedinthecountryin1999,whichwasalmost40timesthenumberreportedin1993.Duringtheperiodof1993-1999,theannualaveragegrowthofthesyphilisincidenceratewas83.55%.Perhapsduetoarecentnationallawenforeementcampaign,thenumberofreportedsyphiliscasesdroppedslightlyin2000.(2)Geographicaldistribution:Syphilisspreadfromcoastal,""open""cities(especiallysomecitiesinFujianprovince)toinlandurbanareas,thentoruralareas.RegionswithahighincidencerateofsyphilisinChinaweretheMinjiang,Yangtze,andZhujiangRiverDeltas,BeijingandTianjinmunicipalities,andNortheastChina.Therewasasignificantdifferenceofsyphilisincidenceratesandgrowthratesbetweentheseareas.Aseriousepidemicoccurredinsomeareas,withanincidenceratereachingover200casesoutof100,000.(3)Populationdistribution:theratioofmaleandfemalecasesgraduallychangedfrom1.57:1in1993to1.02:1in2000.Theratewasthehighestinthe20-29agegroupandthelowestin10-14agegroup.Agreatdifferenceexistedinprevalencebetweendifferentpopulationgroupsanddifferentareas,andsomeareaswithseriousepidemicshadhighprevalenceratesevenamoungthegeneralpopulation.(4)Clinicalstageofsyphilis:Primaryandsecondarysyphiliscaseshavebeendominatingwithapercentageof90%ofallsyphiliscases.Primarysyphiliswasthemostcommoninmalesandsecondarysyphilisinfemales.Secondaryandlatentsyphilisc

简介：ThepurposeofthisworkistostudythemolecularepidemiologicalcharacteristicsofnorovirusgastroenteritisoutbreaksinGuangdong.DuringOctober2003andDecember2004,fecalandanalswabsspecimenscollectedfrom13outbreaksofnon-bacterialgastroenteritisweretestedfornorovirus.SpecimensweredetectedbyRT-PCRandsequenced.Thedescriptivedatawerealsocollected.Eightin13outbreaksofgastroenteritiswerepositivefornorovirus.Allof8virusstrainswereidentifiedasgenogroupⅡbutbelongedto3genotypes.SixstrainswereGⅡ-4genotype.NorovirusisamajorcauseofoutbreaksofnonbacterialgastroenteritisinGuangdongprovinceandhasawidedistribution.Theillnesshappendedfromlateautumntowinter.TheprevalentstrainsweregenogroupⅡvirus.

简介：AbstractBackground:With the progress of globalization, international mobility increases, greatly facilitating cross-border transmission of respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs). This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and factors influencing imported RIDs, with the goal of providing evidence to support adoption of high-tech, intel-ligent methods to early find imported RIDs and prevent their spread in China.Methods:We obtained data of imported RIDs cases from 2014 to 2018 from the Inbound Sentinel Network of Customs and the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System in China. We analyzed spatial, temporal, and population distribution characteristics of the imported RIDs. We developed an index to describe seasonality. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine associations between independent variables and imported cases. Data analyses and visualizations were conducted with R software.Results:From a total of 1 409 265 253 inbound travelers, 31 732 (2.25/100 000) imported RIDs cases were reported. RIDs cases were imported from 142 countries and five continents. The incidence of imported RIDs was nearly 5 times higher in 2018 (2.81/100 000) than in 2014 (0.58/100 000). Among foreigners, incidence rates were higher among males (5.32/100 000), 0–14-year-olds (15.15/100 000), and cases originating in Oceania (11.10/100 000). The vast majority (90.3%) of imported RIDs were influenza, with seasonality consistent with annual seasonality of influenza. The spatial distribution of imported RIDs was different between Chinese citizens and foreigners. Increases in inbound travel volume and the number of influenza cases in source countries were associated with the number of imported RIDs.Conclusions:Our study documented importation of RIDs into China from 142 countries. Inbound travel poses a significant risks bringing important RIDs to China. It is urgent to strengthen surveillance at customs of inbound travelers and establish an intelligent surveillance and early warning system to prevent importation of RIDs to China for preventing further spread within China.

简介：Objective:Tofindoutthebasicconditionsofmycosisinfectionoffull-termpregnantwomen.Methods:Fungusisolationandidentificationfromthevaginalsecretionsandoralspecimensfrom208full-termpregnantwomenwerecarriedoutbyfungicultureandidentifiedfollowingstandardbiologicalpractice.Results:Thepositivedetectionrateforvaginalfungiwas51.92%andfororalfungiitwas47.59%.20.19%hadfungiinboththevaginalandoralcavity.ThefungifoundweremainlyofthespeciesCandidaalbicans.Conclusion:Theprevalenceoffungalmycosisinfectioninfull-termpregnantwomenwashigherthanthatusuallyfoundinnon-pregnantwomen.Inordertopreventfurthercomplicationsandmateral-childtransmission,seriousattentionshouldbepaidtothishighprevalencefinding.

简介：AbstractImportance:Within the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic, more attention is warranted for whether this new infectious disease has unique manifestations in children.Objective:To retrospectively determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 35 children with COVID-19 in Beijing, China.Methods:We collected data for 35 children diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital from January 2020 to June 2020, and analyzed their epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, chest imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes.Results:The children comprised 18 boys (51.4%) and 17 girls (48.6%) aged 6 months to 15 years. All patients had clear epidemiological history, with family clusters accounting for 28 cases (80.0%) and clear tracing of exposure to high epidemic areas in the remaining 7 cases (20.0%). Four (11.4%) patients were classified as asymptomatic, 17 (48.6%) as acute upper respiratory infection, and 14 (40.0%) as mild pneumonia, with no severe or critical cases. Clinical manifestations were mild, including fever in 18 (51.4%), cough in 14 (40.0%), and nausea and diarrhea in 7 (20.0%) patients. White blood cell count was mostly normal (26 cases, 74.3%) or decreased (7 cases, 20.0%); lymphocyte percentage was increased in 24 (68.7%); neutrophil percentage was decreased in 25 (71.4%); alanine aminotransferase was increased in 3 (8.6%); and serum potassium was decreased in 4 (11.4%). Time to negative viral nucleic acid testing was 2-42 days (mean: 14.0 ± 9.4 days). Chest imaging examination revealed that 20 patients (57.1%) had different forms of lung inflammation. Treatment was mainly isolation and nutritional support. Eleven patients were treated with interferon atomization inhalation. No patients required oxygen therapy. All 35 children were cured and discharged. Length of hospital stay was 9-54 days (mean: 25.4 ± 13.8 days). During regular follow-up after discharge, 5 children showed positivity again in the viral nucleic acid test and were re-hospitalized for observation and treatment. The mean length of re-hospitalization stay was 10.8 days.Interpretation:Children with COVID-19 mainly become infected within their family, and children of all ages are generally susceptible. The disease in children is mostly mild and the prognosis is good. Nucleic acid tests in some patients become positive again after discharge, suggesting that it is of great significance to carry out centralized isolation medical observations and active nucleic acid tests in close contacts for early detection of patients and routine epidemic prevention and control.

简介：Objective:TostudytheepidemiologicalcharacteristicsandpreventivemethodsofroadtrafficcrashesinamountaincityinwesternChinathroughsamplinginvestigationoftrafficcrashesindifferentregionsofChongqingcityinrecentyears.Methods:Twopoliceteamsoftrafficmanagementindowntown,twoteamsinsuburb,oneteamincountyandonefreewayteamwererandomlyselected,androadtrafficcrashesbetween1988and1997wereinvestigatedandanalyzed.Results:Atotalof13121roadtrafficcrasheswith6201crasheswithcasualtieswereanalyzed.TheincidenceofcrasheswashigherinMay,JuneandJuly,andonFridayandWednesdayandat8:00-12:00and14:00-18:00withinaday.Casualtieswere44.0%inpedestriansand42.5%inpassengersoftotalcasualties.Thedeathsandsevereinjuriesinpedestrianswere59.1%oftotaldeathsand56.4%oftotalsevereinjuries.Theageofdriversandpassengersweremainlyat18-30years,followedby31-40years.Peopleover60yearsoldaccountedfor24.1%oftotalpedestriancasualty.Headinjurywasthemostcommonreasonfordeaths.Themainreasonsforthesecrasheswereimproperdrivingandviolatingtrafficlaws.Violatingtrafficlawsbypedestrianwasoneofthemainreasonsforpedestriancasualty.Conclusions:Thecrashesarerelatedtothecharacteristicsofgeography,climate,societyactivityofpeople,andthesenseoftrafficsafety,thebasictrafficconstructionandmanagementinChongqing.ThetrafficcasualtyofpedestrianisabigprobleminChongqing.Topreventanddecreaseroadtrafficinjurieseffectivemethodsshouldbeworkedoutandpropagandaontrafficsafetyandtrafficmanagementshouldbestrengthenedaccordingtodifferentcharacteristicsofdifferentregions.Tostrengthenthefirstaidandtreatmentofcranium-braininjuryandchest-backinjuryisalsohelpfulindecreasingtrafficdeaths.

简介：AbstractBackground:Cervical cancer remains a major public health issue for the Uyghur women and other women living mainly in rural areas of Xinjiang. This study aims to investigate the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer in rural areas of Xinjiang, China.Methods:Cervical cancer screening was performed on rural women aged 35 to 64 years from Xinjiang, China in 2017 through gynecological examination, vaginal discharge smear microscopy, cytology, and HPV testing. If necessary, colposcopy and biopsy were performed on women with suspicious or abnormal screening results.Results:Of the 216,754 women screened, 15,518 received HPV testing. The HPV-positive rate was 6.75% (1047/15,518). Compared with the age 35-44 years group, the odds ratios (ORs) of HPV positivity in the age 45-54 years and 55-64 years groups were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.37) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.53-2.21), respectively. Compared with women with primary or lower education level, the ORs for HPV infection rates of women with high school and college education or above were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.09-1.72) and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.23-2.12), respectively. Uyghur women were less likely to have HPV infection than Han women, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.78 (0.61-0.99). The most prevalent HPV types among Xinjiang women were HPV 16 (24.00%), HPV 33 (12.70%), and HPV 52 (11.80%). The detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2+ was 0.14% and the early diagnosis rate of cervical cancer was 85.91%. The detection rates of vaginitis and cervicitis were 19.28% and 21.32%, respectively.Conclusions:The HPV infection rate in Xinjiang is low, but the detection rate of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions is higher than the national average level. Cervical cancer is a prominent public health problem in Xinjiang, especially in southern Xinjiang.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Functional dyspepsia (FD) has rarely been investigated in areas with a high prevalence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study aims to reveal the epidemiological and clinical features of FD and organic dyspepsia (OD) in such a population.Methods:A middle-aged and elderly population-based study was conducted in a region with a high incidence of ESCC. All participants completed the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire and Functional Gastrointestinal Disease Rome III Diagnostic Questionnaire, and they underwent gastroscopy. After exclusion of gastroesophageal reflux disease, uninvestigated dyspepsia (UID) was divided into OD and FD for further analyses.Results:A total of 2916 participants were enrolled from July 2013 to March 2014 in China. We detected 166 UID cases with questionnaires, in which 17 patients with OD and 149 with FD were diagnosed via gastroscopy. OD cases presented as reflux esophagitis (RE), ESCC, and duodenal ulcer. Heartburn (52.94%) and reflux (29.41%) were common in OD, but no symptomatic differences were found between FD and OD. Male sex, low education level, and liquid food were the risk factors for OD, while frequent fresh vegetable consumption was a protective factor. FD included 56 (37.58%) cases of postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), 52 (34.89%) of epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), nine (6.04%) of PDS + EPS, and 32 (21.48%) of FD + functional esophageal disorders. The Helicobacter pylori infection rate in FD patients was not higher than that in the control group (34.23% vs. 42.26%, P = 0.240). Frequent spicy food consumption was associated with PDS (odds ratio [OR]: 2.088, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.028-4.243), while consumption of deep well water was protective for PDS (OR: 0.431, 95% CI: 0.251-0.741).Conclusions:The prevalence of FD was 5.11% in the studied population. Gastroscopy should be prescribed for dyspepsia patients in case that ESCC and RE would be missed in UID cases diagnosed solely by the Rome III questionnaire.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01688908; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01688908.

简介：AbstractObjective:This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) in China and describe the demographic and clinical features of HS in the Chinese population.Methods:This multicenter clinic-based cross-sectional study was conducted in dermatology clinics within 19 hospitals located in 15 cities/provinces across China from September to October 2020. The prevalence of HS was calculated as the percentage of patients with HS among all visitors at participating clinics during the 1-month study period. HS was independently diagnosed by two certified dermatologists at each site. All visitors at participating clinics were screened, and all patients with HS were invited to participate in a questionnaire survey to elucidate the demographics and clinical features of HS in the Chinese population.Results:We identified 92 patients with HS among 274,742 visitors at participating clinics. The prevalence rate was 0.03349% or 33.49 per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval, 26.64-40.32), and the female:male ratio was 1.0:4.7.Conclusion:The overall prevalence of HS in China was lower than that in Western and other Asian countries with a predominance of male patients.

简介：AbstractObjective:The aims of this study were to determine the differences between women with single vs. recurrent episodes of preeclampsia in term of: (1) the outcome of the first pregnancy affected by preeclampsia; and (2) the perinatal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies.Methods:This population based retrospective cohort study included all multiparous patients with a singleton gestation who delivered at Soroka University Medical Center (Beer Sheva, Israel) from January 1988 until December 2012, meeting the inclusion criteria, those who had fetuses with chromosomal or anatomical abnormalities were exclude. Our cohort included 213,558 deliveries that met the inclusion criteria, of them 208,017 had normotensive pregnancies and 5541 had preeclampsia. The latter group was further divided into those who had a single episode of preeclampsia followed by normotensive gestations (n=3879), and women who had recurrent preeclampsia (n=1662). We used parametric and non-parametric statistics as appropriate.Results:(1) Women with recurrent preeclampsia had an increased rate of early ((130/1662) 7.8% vs. (171/3879) 4.4%, P<0.001) and late ((268/1662) 16.1% vs. (438/3879) 11.3%, P<0.001) preterm deliveries than a single episode of preeclampsia; (2) of interest, the rate of chronic hypertension is higher in the first pregnancy of those with a single preeclampsia episode (P<0.001), while women with recurrent preeclampsia developed it in the subsequent gestations (P<0.001); (3) the rate of small for gestational age neonates in the index pregnancy was higher in those with recurrent rather than a single episode of preeclampsia (single episode 450/3879,11.6%, recurrent preeclampsia 244/1662, 14.7%, P=0.002); (4) patients with recurrent disease had an increased rate of cesarean deliveries in the subsequent pregnancies (P<0.001); and (5) patients who developed severe preeclampsia in the subsequent gestations had lower mean birthweight (P<0.001), a higher rate of perinatal mortality (P<0.001), and a lower Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes (P<0.001), than those who developed mild preeclampsia in subsequent pregnancies, those with a single episode of preeclampsia and the control group.Conclusion:Recurrent preeclampsia increases the rate of pregnancy complications in the following gestations. Early onset preeclampsia at the index pregnancy of women with recurrent preeclampsia, is associated with increased risk for severe preeclampsia, placental abruption and perinatal mortality in subsequent pregnancies.