简介：AbstractIn vitro maturation (IVM) has been used in clinical settings for 30 years. The merits of IVM include that it needs a relatively small amount of hormones and short treatment period. However, because the effectiveness of IVM is lower than that of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, there are few centers routinely use IVM, and it is only applicable to a few special populations. In this article, several oocyte sources related to IVM have been discussed and the effects of gonadotropin priming and triggering on IVM are described. Furthermore, we have reviewed the optimization of IVM culture conditions in recent years along with the effects of IVM on genes of oocytes and cumulus cells and the obstetric and neonatal outcomes. We aim to provide indications for future improvement of IVM technology so that the success rates of IVM technology in special populations can be improved. We hope that this mild and natural protocol can be applied to more populations, including individuals with normal ovulation.

简介：AbstractBackground:Existing clinical prediction models for in vitro fertilization are based on the fresh oocyte cycle, and there is no prediction model to evaluate the probability of successful thawing of cryopreserved mature oocytes. This research aims to identify and study the characteristics of pre-oocyte-retrieval patients that can affect the pregnancy outcomes of emergency oocyte freeze-thaw cycles.Methods:Data were collected from the Reproductive Center, Peking University Third Hospital of China. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to derive the nomogram. Nomogram model performance was assessed by examining the discrimination and calibration in the development and validation cohorts. Discriminatory ability was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration plots.Results:The predictors in the model of "no transferable embryo cycles" are female age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.099, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.003-1.205, P = 0.0440), duration of infertility (OR = 1.140, 95% CI = 1.018-1.276, P = 0.0240), basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level (OR = 1.205, 95% CI = 1.051-1.382, P = 0.0084), basal estradiol (E2) level (OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.001-1.010, P = 0.0120), and sperm from microdissection testicular sperm extraction (MESA) (OR = 7.741, 95% CI = 2.905-20.632, P < 0.0010). Upon assessing predictive ability, the AUC for the "no transferable embryo cycles" model was 0.799 (95% CI: 0.722-0.875, P < 0.0010). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test (P = 0.7210) and calibration curve showed good calibration for the prediction of no transferable embryo cycles. The predictors in the cumulative live birth were the number of follicles on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration (OR = 1.088, 95% CI = 1.030-1.149, P = 0.0020) and endometriosis (OR = 0.172, 95% CI = 0.035-0.853, P = 0.0310). The AUC for the "cumulative live birth" model was 0.724 (95% CI: 0.647-0.801, P < 0.0010). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test (P = 0.5620) and calibration curve showed good calibration for the prediction of cumulative live birth.Conclusions:The predictors in the final multivariate logistic regression models found to be significantly associated with poor pregnancy outcomes were increasing female age, duration of infertility, high basal FSH and E2 level, endometriosis, sperm from MESA, and low number of follicles with a diameter >10 mm on the day of hCG administration.

简介：AbstractWith the development of human assisted reproductive technology (ART), an objective, accurate, and non-invasive method to assess the quality and viability of oocytes and embryos remains one of the most significant goals. Granulosa cells (GCs) play an essential role in oocyte development. GCs can differentiate into mural GCs (MGCs) and cumulus cells (CCs) under the influence of oocytes. MGCs promote the growth and development of follicles by secreting cytokines and steroid hormones. Simultaneously, CCs can form cumulus-oocyte complexes to communicate with oocytes through gap junctions and promote oocyte growth and maturation. Seeking suitable biomarkers in GCs provides a direction for the non-invasive assessment of oocyte and embryo abilities during ART procedures. To date, only a few studies have investigated potentially effective GC biomarkers during ART processes, such as the apoptosis of GCs, transcriptomic characteristics of GCs, quality and quantity of mitochondria in GCs, and telomere length of such cells. These are potential reference indices for screening high-quality oocytes and embryos. Independent studies on MGCs and CCs can provide more effective results. Although there is scope for optimization and improvement, the results have become increasingly accurate with the constant advances in technology. Due to the heterogeneity of the study population and technical limitations, clinical tests for GCs cannot be performed as part of routine tests, but their prospects are promising. This article reviews the biomarkers that have been studied in MGCs and CCs.

简介：P28，a28kDproteinfromtoad(Bufobufogargarizans)oocytes,wasidentifiedbyusingP13^suc1-agaroseaffinitychromatography.Sequencehomologyanalysisofthefull-lengthcDNAofP28(GeneBankaccessionnumber:AF314091)indicatedthatitencodesaproteincontaining224amino-acidswithabout55%iden-titiesandmorethan70%positivestoencodesaproteincontaining224amino-acidswithabout55%iden-titiesandmorethan70%positivestohuman,ratormouseUCH-L1,andcontainshomologicalfunctionaldomainsofUCHfamily.Anti-p28monoclonalantibody,oninjectingintotheoocytes,couldinhibittheprogesterone-inducedresumptionofmeioticdivisioninadose-dependentmanner.TherecombinantproteinP28showedsimilarSDS/PAGEbehaviorstothenativeone,andpromotedubiquitinethylesterhydrolysis,aclassicalcatalyticreactionforubiquitincarboxylterminalhydrolases(UCHs).Theresultsinthispaperrevealthatanovelprotein,p28,existsinthetoadoocytes,isaUCHLlhomolog,wasengagedintheprocessofprogesterone-inducedoocytematurationpossiblythroughaninvolvementinproteinturnoveranddegradation.

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简介：AbstractObjective:Collected human cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) are usually inseminated after 4 to 6 hours in in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term pre-IVF incubation in culture medium on subsequent oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development, as well as clinical outcomes.Methods:Sixty patients were divided randomly into 2 groups, pre-IVF incubation for 5 hours: 1) with (+) the designed oocyte maturation medium; 2) without (-) the designed oocyte maturation medium (transferred directly to fertilization medium for 5 hours before insemination). Oocyte maturation and fertilization were assessed, and the rate of cleavage and good quality embryos were evaluated between the 2 groups on days 2 and 3, respectively. Blastocyst development was based on the remaining number of embryos on day 3, continuously cultured to day 5 after embryo transfer or frozen on day 3, and was compared between the 2 groups. Clinical pregnancy, implantation, and miscarriage rates were also compared.Results:Oocyte maturation rates did not differ between groups (85.8 ± 14.1% vs. 90.7 ± 9.1%). However, the range of oocyte maturation rates (58.3%-100.0%) for each patient was significantly higher in the (-) group than in the (+) pre-incubation group (71.4%-100.0%). There were no differences in fertilization rates (89.9 ± 10.0% vs. 86.5 ± 12.2%) and good quality embryos (70.8 ± 19.1% vs. 62.1 ± 23.7%) between groups; however, the blastocyst development rates were significantly different between groups (73.1 ± 20.1% vs. 58.8 ± 18.2%, P <0.05). Nevertheless, clinical pregnancy (62.5% vs. 61.1%) and implantation (46.9% vs. 47.2%) rates did not differ between groups.Conclusions:These results indicate that a short pre-IVF incubation time in the designed culture medium promotes oocyte maturation and embryonic development, suggesting that short pre-IVF incubation of COCs in the designed culture medium may be important for subsequent final oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.

简介：AbstractBackground:It is currently unknown whether patients with a fever after controlled ovulation during egg retrieval could increase the risk of pelvic infection or not, and fever itself may affect endometrial receptivity or embryo quality with poor pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of patients with fever during oocyte retrieval after the first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycle.Methods:This was a 1:3 retrospective paired study matched for age. In this study, 58 infertility patients (Group 1) had a fever during the control ovulation, and the time of the oocyte retrieval was within 72 hours, they underwent ovum pick up and whole embryo freezing ( "freeze-all" strategy). The control subjects (Group 2) are 174 patients matched for age who underwent whole embryo freezing for other reasons. The baseline characteristics, clinical data of ovarian stimulation, and outcomes, such as the clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing clinical pregnancy rate were compared between the two groups in the subsequent FET cycle.Results:All patients had no pelvic inflammatory disease after oocyte retrieval. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels (4.2 vs. 2.2, P <0.001) were higher in group 2, and the number of oocytes retrieved, and fertilization rate were lower in group 1 (P < 0.001), but the endometrial thickness, the number of embryo transfers, and the type of luteal support supplementation were similar between the two groups. Regarding pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent FET cycle, the implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early spontaneous rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate were all not significantly different. Further regression analyses showed that the clinical pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate were also not significantly different.Conclusions:Transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular puncture for oocyte retrieval is a safe and minimally invasive method for patients with fever. Moreover, the fever had almost no effect on embryo quality.