陕西榆林市靖边中学邱文琴
一、祈使句中的动词受限制
一般地讲大部分动词都能用于祈使句,但下列这几类却不能。
1、非人称作主语的动词:如rain(下雨),snow(下雪),freeze(结冰),happen(发生),etc.例如:
Workharder!(Right)
Rainharder!(Wrong)
2、非施动态的静态动词:如:know(知道),have(有),sound(听起来),see(看见),hear(听见),seem(好像),belongto(属于),own(拥有),ect。例如:
Learnthelanguage.(Right)
Knowthelanguage.(wrong)
3、助动词和半助词:如:have,can,could,usedto,oughtto,begongingtobeto,beaboutto,happento,ect.例如:
Stoptalking!(right)
Muststoptalking!(wrong)
但助动词do和be可以用于祈使句,如:
Docomehereatseveno’clock!(用于强调)
Don’treadafterme!(结构否定祈使句)
Bepreparingthedinnerwhenhecomesin.(构成祈使句的进行式)
Beprepared.(构成祈使句的被动式)
4、非限定动词。例如:
Hurryup!(right)
Hurryingup!(wrong)
Hurriedup!(wrong)
Tohurryup!(wrong)
二、be+形容词,这类祈使句中的形容词受限制
能用于这类祈使句的形容词必须具有动态形容词,像tall,thin,big等静态形容词是不能用于这类祈使句的。例如:
Becareful.(right)
Betall.(wrong)
keep+形容词也可构成祈使句。如:
Keepquiet(silent,dry,clean,ect)
三、祈使句的时态受限制
祈使句只有现在时,没有过去时,也没有完成时,只有在非常罕见的情况下才使用进行时和被动式。下面举几例仅供大家参考:
1.Don’tbestandingintherain.
2.Beseated.
3.Getwashed.
四、祈使句的语气(这里指的是说话的语气而不是语法上的语气)受限制
祈使句的语气听起来往往很生硬,即使在句首或句尾加上please,其委婉程度也仍然有限。要想使祈使句的语气彻底变得委婉和礼貌,那只有将祈使句改成问句或陈述句。常见有下列几种改法:
1.在祈使句的句首或句尾加上:willyou,won’tyou,wouldyou,canyou,couldn’tyou,如:
Comehere,willyou?
Willyoucomehere?
2.在祈使句前加上:Doyoumind…Wouldyoumind…如:
Doyoumindopeningthedoor?
Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?
3.在祈使句前加上:Iwonderifyouwouldkindly….Iwonderwhetheryouwouldkind…如:
IwonderifyouwouldkindlysayitinEnglish.
IwonderwhetheryouwouldkindsayingitinEnglish.
当祈使句带主语时,就不能与please连用。如:可以说Bequiet,please.或Pleasebequiet.但不说Please,youbequiet.或Youbequiet,please.
五、用于祈使句前的副词有限制
常用语祈使句前的副词只有有限的几个,他们是:just,kindly,always,never,merely,simply,now,例如:
Justlistentoher!
Alwaysremembertosmile.
另外,像actually,really,definitely,gladly,graciously等也可以用于祈使句前,例如:
Definitelybuyonenow.
Gladlyrevealwhatyouknow.