简介：Anorexianervosaischaracterizedbyrefusaltomaintainweightatoraboveaminimallynormalweight(85%ofexpectedweightforageandheight,orbodymassindex(BMI)17.5kg/m^2),orfailuretoexhibittheexpectedweightgainduringgrowth.Thereisoftenassociatedintensefearofgainingweight,preoccupationwithweight,denialofthecurrentlowweightanditsadverseimpactonhealth,andamenorrhoea.

简介：Anxietyisacommonhumanexperiencethatmaybeareactiontoanexternalthreatoraninnerconflict.Itcomprisesapowerfulemotionalcomponentassociatedwithfearfulthoughtsandaphysiologicalresponse.Itcanhavebeneficialeffectssuchasenhancingperformance,butoftencausesdistressandcanhaveprofoundnegativeeffectsonbehaviour.

简介：Mooddisorders(includingunipolarandbipolardisorders)arecommon.Theyarecharacterizedbypersistentstatesofabnormalmood,whichmaybeelevated,depressedorbothalternately.

简介：ConductdisordersConductdisordersarecharacterizedbyrepetitiveantisocialbehaviourthatlastsforatleast6months.Inyoungchildren,theclinicalpictureisdominatedbymarkedlyoppositionalbehavioursuchasdefiance,hostilityanddisruptivenessthatisclearlyoutsidethenormalrange(so-called'oppositional-defiantdisorder').Inolderagegroups,behaviourssuchasstealing,

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简介：Emotionalproblemsinchildrenandadolescentsmaybegroupedintodistinctsyndromes,thoughthereisoverlapbetweenthem.

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简介：AcupunctureTreatmentfor54DisorderswaswrittenbyHuangQinfengandQiLizhen,andpublishedbyShanghaiScientific&TechnicalPublishersin2002.Thebookcollected54commondisordersinclinicfromabout5451articlespublishedinhundredsjournalsbetween1980and

简介：Assessmentofchildandadolescentpsychiatricdisorders(Figure1)focusesonfourkeyquestions.

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简介：AbstractTic disorders (TD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often first recognized in children and adolescents and is characterized mainly by motor and phonic tics. Drug treatment of TD has been criticized because of serious side effects, and TD treatment emphasizes behavioral psychotherapy. This study reviewed the most common behavioral psychotherapy for TD: habit reversal training (HRT). We examined the contents, variation, curative effects, and premonitory urge control of HRT and other behavioral psychotherapies. The findings suggest that current understanding of HRT is insufficient and further studies are needed. First, studies of online guidance training are needed to implement technology that can help more patients. Second, the future integration of HRT and other technologies is important. Third, imaging techniques could be used to further explore the brain mechanisms underlying HRT. Research on HRT for TD in China is insufficient. We call on more Chinese researchers to study, investigate, and develop technology to promote the development of behavioral psychotherapy for TD in China.

简介：AbstractBackground:Reviving patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOCs) has always been focused and challenging in medical research. Owing to the limited effectiveness of available medicine, recent research has increasingly turned towards neuromodulatory therapies, involving the stimulation of neural circuits. We summarised the progression of research regarding neuromodulatory therapies in the field of DOCs, compared the differences among different studies, in an attempt to explore optimal stimulation patterns and parameters, and analyzed the major limitations of the relevant studies to facilitate future research.Methods:We performed a search in the PubMed database, using the concepts of DOCs and neuromodulation. Inclusion criteria were: articles in English, published after 2002, and reporting clinical trials of neuromodulatory therapies in human patients with DOCs.Results:Overall, 187 published articles met the search criteria, and 60 articles met the inclusion criteria. There are differences among these studies regarding the clinical efficacies of neurostimulation techniques for patients with DOCs, and large-sample studies are still lacking.Conclusions:Neuromodulatory techniques were used as trial therapies for DOCs wherein their curative effects were controversial. The difficulties in detecting residual consciousness, the confounding effect between the natural course of the disease and therapeutic effect, and the heterogeneity across patients are the major limitations. Large-sample, well-designed studies, and innovations for both treatment and assessment are anticipated in future research.

简介：Deareditors,Neurodegenerativediseasesarenowassociatedwiththeglobalobesityanddiabetesepidemicinthedevelopinganddevelopedworld.Neurodegenerativediseasesareaheterogeneousgroupofdisorderswithcomplexfactorssuchasneurohumoral,endocrineandenvironmentalfactorsinvolvedininductionoftheseneurodegenerativediseases.Thefutureofscienceandmedicineinneurodegenerativediseasesisnowdependentonnutritionalgenomicswithinsulinresistanceamajorfactorintheinductionofneurodegenerativediseases.Nutritionalgenomicsnowinvolvestheanti-aginggeneSirtuin1(Sirt1)thatisimportanttothepreventionofinsulinresistancewithitscriticalinvolvementintheimmunesystem(Martins,2018a,b).Sirt1inactivationleadstotoxicimmunereactionsconnectedtotheaccelerationofneurondeathinvariouscommunities.Appetitecontrolwithrelevancetoimmunometabolismhasbecomeofcriticalimportancetothetreatmentofneurodegeneration(Figure1).NutritionaldietsactivatetheheatshockgeneSirt1topreventtheincreaseinheatshockproteinsconnectedtoautoimmunedisease,mitophagy(Martins,2018a,b)andirreversibleprogrammedcelldeathinglobalpopulations(Figure1).

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简介：ObjectiveToreportapopulation-basedsurveyontheprevalence,pathogenicfactorsandmedicalneedsofeardiseasesandhearingloss.MethodsUsingtheprobabilityproportiontosize(PPS)method,6626residentswereinvestigatedin30clustersinaccordancewiththeWHOprotocol.ResultsTheprevalenceofhearinglosswas17.1%(compatiblewiththenatioanalstandardizedrateof17.6%),includingmild(11.0%),moderate(4.2%),severe(1.4%),andprofound(0.5%)impairment.Ofthe1131individualswithhearingloss,663(20.2%)weremaleand468(14.0%)werefemale.Theprevalenceofhearingdisabilitywas6.1%(againcompatiblewiththenationalstandardizedrateof6.5%).Thecausesofhearinglosswereeardiseases(31.4%),non-infectiouseardisorders(42.5%),geneticdisorders(6.7%),infectiousdisease(0.4%)andundeterminedcauses(29.3%).Ofthehearingimpairedpeople,13.8%neededotologicand/oraudiologicinterventionsand9.1%neededhearingaids.ConclusionTheprevalenceofhearinglossandhearingdisabilityhaveincreasedinthepasttwentyyears.Thedataprovideimportantinformationforauthoritiesinformulatingpoliciesforpreventionandmanagementofdeafness.