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简介：煤是一个基本资源，它的使用保证国民经济和人的社会的发展。因此，煤交通是瓷器全面交通系统的重要部分。在这个系统，港口是重要运输节点。这研究在中国考虑了沿海的港口并且从1973～2013分析了煤交通的进化。我们集中了于装载并且卸掉的煤的空间模式，并且总结了这些进程的主要特征和开发。然后，我们用数学模型和指示物在这些数量检验了搬运的煤和地区性的变化的体积。最后，我们分析了专业化功能和涉及煤交通揭示他们的空间关系和时间的进化的港口的空间区别。我们发现煤交通的空间模式从南方输入和北方输出改变了到所有输入和北方输出。然而，突出的港口使用了因为卸掉的煤仍然长江向南在区域被集中。装载的煤被专注于Bohai的西岸海湾。另外，在Bohai海湾附近的一些港口例如Dandong，Dalian，Yantai，和Qingdao，从装载港口到卸掉港口的传统的煤变化了。这研究进一步开发了运输地理的理论，并且改进了我们瓷器煤交通系统的理解。

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简介：WeusedearthquakecatalogsrecordedbyGuangdongSeismologicalNetworkfrom2008to2014toresolvethespatialvariationsofb-valuesinthecoastalareaofGuangdong,particularlyinthreekeyresearchareas(Yangjiang,Heyuan,andoffshoreNanaoIsland)withstrongseismicity.Ourresultsrevealedthatb-valuesexhibitedsignificantspatialvariations,andzoneswithlowb-valuescouldindicatethemostlikelyseismogenicareaoflargeearthquakes.Weobservedthreeclearlowb-valuepatchesintheoffshoreNanaoIsland.Wefoundadistincthighb-valuepeakatthedepthof11kmandtwominimumpeaksatabout14and7–8kmintheYangjiangarea.Theoverallb-valuesgenerallydecreasewithdepthintheHeyuanarea.Thespatialvariationsofb-valuesreflecttectonicanomalies;thatis,the‘low-high-low’distributionofb-valuesintheoffshoreNanaoIslandandtheYangjiangareamayindicatetheanomalyofthecrustalstructurewithaweaklayer.Theb-valuesofreservoir-inducedseismicityareobviouslylowerthanthatinducedbytectonism.Thisfindingindicatesthatthereservoirareaisgenerallyathighstressstateundertheconditionofhighporepressure.Weinferredthatlargeearthquakesmightbepronetooccurat10–12kmdepthintheoffshoreNanaoIsland,at12–15kmdepthintheYangjiangarea,andatthelowerpartoftheseismicactivityzoneintheHeyuanarea.Moreover,theupstreamareaoftheXinfengjiangreservoiristhemostlikelyareaoffuturelargeearthquakesintheHeyuanarea.

简介：Inthispaper,weproposeasimplifiedspatialchannelsoundingmethodbyutilizingbistaticsyntheticapertureradar(BiSAR)principles.DespitethedifferentdeploymentgeometriescomparedwithaconventionalBiSARsystem,thefeasibilityoftheapproachisestablishedby1)theproposedmethodachievesabetterspatialresolutionthanconventionaldirectionalchannelsoundersand2)reconstructionalgorithmsbasedontime-domainbackprojectioninconjunctionwithadigitalelevationmodelprovideagoodimagingperformanceandaresuitableforreconstructingthespatialdistributionofscatterers.Simulationsofahigh-speedrail(HSR)scenariodemonstratethattheestimatedpowerdelayprofiles(PDPs)andpowerangleprofiles(PAPs)areclosetotheactualvalues.

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简介：Thisarticleconsiders30provincesofChinaasthecross-sectionsubjects,andutilizesthedatasamplefrom2009to2015ofthesecross-sectionstoformulateaSpatialPanelDataDurbinModeltoanalyzetheeffectofenvironmentalregulationonemployment.Theresultindicatesthatenvironmentalregulationhasnegativeeffectonemploymentwiththeconsiderationofspatialspillovereffect,andthisadverseeffectisnotsignificantmathematically.Withtheenhanceofenvironmentalregulation,thenegativeimpactonemploymentwilldecreaseaccordingly,evenmayeventuallypromotejobgrowth,whichmeanstheremaybeanon-linearrelationshipbetweenthem.Specifically,thedirecteffectofenvironmentalregulationonemploymentindicatesthatitisbeneficialforjobgrowthwhereastheindirecteffectillustratethatitisdetrimentalforemployment.

简介：在到环境变化的全球碳周期和它的反应理解海洋角色要求观察的高时间空间的分辨率。从多重来源合并海洋颜色数据是减轻单个海洋颜色传感器的限制的一个有效方法(例如，一行宽度和差距，多云或多雨的天气，和阳光闪烁)并且改进时间、空间的范围。自从看海的宽Field-of-View传感器(SeaWiFS)和在2010年12月11日结束的媒介光谱的分辨率成像分光计(MERIS)和2012年5月9日的使命，分别地，可得到的海洋颜色传感器的数字衰退了，关于空间、时间的范围减少合并海洋颜色数据的好处。在现在的工作，中等分辨率光谱中国的成像器(MERSI)/FY-3在处理合并和全球海洋叶绿素的新数据集被增加一(Chl一)集中(2000-2015)从遥感反射被产生(MERIS的Rrs())观察，中等决定的成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)-AQUA,可见红外线的成像辐射计(VIIRS)和MERSI。这些数据资源首先被合成一个集中数据是的统一遥感反射数据，然后Chl用联合Chl的inversed颜色的一个算法基于索引的算法(中央情报局)和OC3。合并数据产品从MERSI的增加在空间、时间的范围显示出主要改进。当MERSI数据在合并过程被增加时，合并产品的平均每日的范围在约9%是约24%全球海洋和增加。采样频率(时间的范围)被联合MERSI数据极大地改进，与到29.9%的从15.6%增加的中部的采样频率(57d／a)(109d／a)。合并Chl一产品此处被验证由在situ大小并且除了省略MERSI和GlobColour和措施用一样的途径把他们与合并产品作比较合并了数据。在新合并Chl之间的关联和相对错误一产品并且没有MERSI的增加，在situ，观察相对合并产品的结果是稳定的。Chl的时间系列集中没有增加MERSI和单个传感器，异例类似于合并产品。新合并产品从GlobColour和措施在约10%合并Chl以内同意一个产品。

简介：Withthetechnologicaldevelopmentofexploitationandseparation,theprimarysourceoflithiumhasgraduallychangedfromoretobrine,whichhasbecomethemainrawmaterial,accountingformorethan80%ofthetotalproduction.Resourcesoflithium-bearingbrineareabundantinChina.Thispaperhassummarizedthespatialandtemporaldistribution,characteristics,andformationmechanismofthelithium-richbrineinChina,aimingtoprovideacomprehensivesetofguidelinesforfuturelithiumexploitationfrombrines.Lithiumbrinesusuallyexistinmodemsalinelakesanddeepundergroundsedimentaryrocksassubsurfacebrines.ThemetallogenicepochofChina'slithium-richbrinespansfromtheTriassictotheQuaternary,andthesebrinesexhibitobviousregionaldistributioncharacteristics.Modemlithium-richsalinelakesarepredominatelylocatedintheQinghai-TibetPlateau.Incomparison,thesubsurfacelithium-richbrinesaremainlydistributedinthesedimentarybasinsofSichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,andthewesternpartoftheQaidamBasin.Lithium-richsalinelakesarechloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,andcarbonateenriched,whilethedeeplithium-richbrinesaremainlychloride-enriched.Onthewhole,thevalueofMg/Liindeepbrineisgenerallylowerthanthatofbrineinsalinelakes.Thegenesisoflithium-richbrinesinChinaisnotuniform,generallytherearetwoprocesses,whicharerespectivelysuitableforsaltlakesanddeepbrine.

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简介：Inordertostudythespatiotemporalevolutionoftheprecursoryanomalies10yearsbeforetheWenchuanMS8.0earthquakein2008,theepicentraldistanceoftheprecursoryanomaliesiscalculatedbyusingthegeometriccenteroftheruptureregionandtheellipticalcenterlineoftheaftershockregion.Theresultshows,precursoranomaliesgraduallyincreasedabout2yearsbeforetheWenchuanearthquake.Theratioofabnormalitemsisgreaterthan25%inthenearsourcearea(abouttwicethesourcescale)and17%-24%intheremotearea(about3-5timesthesourcescale).Therearethreedifferentstagesofspatiotemporalevolutionofprecursoryanomalies.Duringtheαstage(includingα1andα2,between700to3000daysbeforethemainearthquake),theanomaliesaremainlydistributedinthesouthwestandnorthwestareaoftheWenchuanaftershocksarea.Itisshownthattheprecursorsofthefarsourceregionandthenearsourceareahavethecharacteristicsofoutwardexpansion.Duringtheβstage(between300to700daysbeforethemainearthquake),theanomaliesaredistributedinthesouthwestandnorthernregionoftheaftershockregion,showingalargerangeofanomalies.Duringtheγstage(includingγ1andγ2,300daysbeforethemainearthquake),therangeofanomalydistributioniswide,andtheanomaliesaredistributedinthesouthwestandnortheastoftheaftershockarea.Theanomaliesconvergedtoepicenter(γ1)inthefarsourceregionandexpandoutwards(γ2)inthenearsourceregion.Resultsoftheexperimentalstudyandmechanicalanalysisofearthquakepreparationprocessindicatethatthethree-stagecharacteristicsofprecursoryanomaliesintheprocessofearthquakepreparationmaybecontrolledbytheseismogenicbody,whichisaformofexpressionintheprocessofearthquakepreparationandauniversalfeatureduringtheearthquakepreparationprocess,whichhasacertainguidingroleinearthquakeprediction.

简介：多观点和多数量城市网络的使用逐渐地发展成批评途径的一个范围理解空间相互作用和连接。特别地，道路连接代表空间依赖和距离腐烂的关键特征，并且具有在在地区性的规模描绘空间关系的大意义。基于在府级的行政单位之间的高速公路旅客流动数据，因此，试图识别功能的结构和城市的地区性的影响，并且进一步探索存在的空间组织模式的这份报纸在中国联网功能的区域，试图加深我们城市网络结构的理解并且为进行中的研究提供新认知观点。研究结果导致四个关键结论。首先，基于高速公路流动的城市网络展出强壮的空间依赖和层次特征，到空间地结合的大程度在中国的主要megaregions的分布。这些现象是在地区性的规模以及核心圆周结构的空间关系的思考。第二，属于空间配置的一种重要类型的19个社区通过社区察觉算法被识别，并且我们建议他们是在城市的中国以内的相应地城市的经济区域。他们的空间比喻包括行政区域经济，megaregions的空间溢出效果，和核心圆周结构。第三，每个社区拥有一个特定的城市网络系统并且展出强壮的空间依赖和各种各样的空间组织模式。地区性的模式作为多水平的结果出现了，动态，并且联网的特征。第四，采用一个基于形态学的观点，地区性的城市网络系统能基本上被划分成monocentric，双原子核、多中心、低级的使平衡空间结构，当大多数monocentrically正在发展时。

简介：Long-lastingexpansionofhazepollutioninChinahasalreadypresentedasternchallengetoregionaljointpreventionandcontrol.Thereisanurgentneedtoenlargeandreconstructthecoverageofjointpreventionandcontrolofairpollutioninkeyarea.Airqualitymodelscanidentifyandquantifytheregionalcontributionofhazepollutionanditskeycomponentswiththehelpofnumericalsimulation,butitisdifficulttobeappliedtolargerspatialscaleduetothecomplexityofmodelparameters.Thetimeseriesanalysiscanrecognizetheexistenceofspatialinteractionofhazepollutionbetweencities,butithasnotyetbeenusedtofurtheridentifythespatialsourcesofhazepollutioninlargescale.Usingeconometricframeworkoftimeseriesanalysis,thispaperdevelopedanewapproachtoperformspatialsourceapportionment.WeappliedthisapproachtocalculatethecontributionfromspatialsourcesofhazepollutioninChina,usingthemonitoringdataofparticulatematter(PM2.5)across161Chinesecities.Thisapproachovercamethelimitationofnumericalsimulationthatthemodelcomplexityincreasesatexcesswiththeexpansionofsamplerange,andcouldeffectivelydealwithseverelarge-scalehazeepisodes.

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简介：China’stechnologicaleffortstotackleclimatechangehavelastedformanyyears.Itisnecessarytotesttheeffectoftheseeffortswithquantitativemethod.Tobeexact,whetherandhowChina’slow-carbontechnologyinnovationrespondstoclimatechangeshouldbetested.Basedonthe2004-2015paneldataof30provincesinChina,weusethemethodofESDAanalyzingthespatialcorrelationofChina’slow-carboninnovationtechnology.Furthermore,weusethespatialDurbinmodelempiricallyanalyzingthespatialspillovereffects.Theresultsobtainedareasfollows:first,supplyanddemandofChineselow-carboninnovationhassomedeviationinthespatialdistribution.Thelow-carbontechnologyinnovationasthesupplyfactorshowsthecharacteristicsofexpandingfromtheeasttothewest.InnovationineasternChinahasalwaysbeenthemostactive,butinnovativeactivitiesinthemiddleandwesternChinaaregraduallydecreased.However,carbonemissionshavethecharacteristicsofmovingwestward,implyingthechangeoftechnologydemanddifferentfromtechnologysupply.Second,China’slow-carboninnovationactivelyrespondstothetrendofclimatechange,indicatingChina’stechnologicaleffortshavepaidoff.However,thespatialspillovereffectsarenotsignificant,showingthattheeffortsineachregionofChinastillworkforhimself.Third,environmentalregulationandmarketpullareimportantfactorsforlow-carbontechnologyinnovation.Amongthem,bothsupportingpolicyandinhibitorypolicyhavesignificantimpactonthelocallow-carbontechnologyinnovation,butnosignificantspatialspillovereffects.Itshowsthatenvironmentalpoliciesindifferentregionsarecompetitiveandlackofdemonstrationeffects.Economicgrowthandexportasmarketpullhavehigherlevelofeffectonlow-carbontechnologyinnovationforbothlocalandadjacentareas.Somepolicyimplicationsareproposedbasedontheseresultsfinally.