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简介：Theforcedlengtheningofanactivatedskeletalmusclehasbeentermedaneccentriccontraction（EC）.ThisreviewhighlightsthemechanicallyuniquenatureoftheECandfocusesonthespecificdisruptionofproteinswithinthecellknownascytoskeletalproteins.Themajorintermediatefilamentcytoskeletalprotein,desmin,hasbeenthefocusofworkinthisareabecausechangestodesminoccurwithinminutesofECsandbecausedesminhasbeenshowntoplaybothamechanicalandbiologicroleinamuscle＇sresponsetoEC.Itishopedthatthesetypesofstudieswillassistindecreasingtheincidenceofmuscleinjuryinathletesandfacilitatingthedevelopmentofnewtherapiestotreatmuscleinjuries.

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简介：我们检验了在一个xeno移植动物的细胞建模的人的胚胎的茎(hES)的myogenic潜力。这里，我们证明区分开来与hES房间的先锋能在成年环境经历myogenesis并且在myogenic系产生房间类型的一个范围。这研究提供hES房间能在vivo改革肌肉和卫星房间并且是为对待肌肉的另一种有希望的房间类型的直接证据除了另外的myogenic房间类型的退化混乱。房间研究(2006)16：713-722。做i：10.1038/sj.cr.7310080；出版联机2006年6月20日。

简介：Halkieria是一个早寒武纪的石块类，建议种系发生的亲密关系从茎组lophotrochozoan到茎组aculiferan。骨胳的类似经常在对Halkieria和相关寒武纪的石块的软体动物解释的支持作为证据被引用。polyplacophoran软体动物(一种衬衣)的骨胳的微观结构Ischnochitonhakodadensis，它忍受类似于halkieriids和另外的coeloscleritophoran的sclerites的perinotum元素小壳的石块(SSF)，被学习评估解释。一种衬衣有类似和差别骨胳的结构和halkieriidsclerites：1)头阀门我。hakodadensis和Halkieriaevangelista的背面的壳分享背面的壳缺乏的好同心生长线，而是halkieriid的一个类似的模式另外的polyplacophoran阀门特征包括塑造V的缩进，散发肋骨；2)安排我。在三个地区的hakodadensisperinotum元素有点类似于halkieriidsclerites的安排模式；3)内部perinotum规模我。hakodadensis(在直径的∼200μm)有一个底和片，在到halkieriid的形态学显著地类似掌状的sclerites(在直径的∼400μm)。然而，我。而halkieriidsclerites是空的，hakodadensisperinotum规模是将近稳固的。这些观察把一种微结构尺寸加到在软体动物和halkeriids之间的骨胳的比较，并且可以证明在解决Halkieria和Halwaxiidae的种系发生的亲密关系有用。

简介：对骨胳的肌肉新生的成长兴趣在损伤，以及几个肌肉发达的退化病理以后为肌肉损害与新治疗学的策略的开始被联系，包括营养障碍，肌肉发达的萎缩，和极度瘦弱。集中于细胞外的因素的能力支持myogenesis的研究因此是高度有希望的。我们现在报导那一个导出adipocyte的因素，球状的adiponectin(荡者)，能导致肌肉基因表示和房间区别。除它在肌肉调整几新陈代谢的功能的著名能力以外，包括葡萄糖举起和消费和丰满的酸分解代谢，荡者能堵住myoblasts的房间周期入口，到导致象肌浆球蛋白那样的特定的骨胳的肌肉标记的表示重链或caveolin-3，象一样挑起房间熔化进multinucleatedsyncytia并且，最后肌肉纤维形成。荡者通过p38，Akt和5鈥?的氧化还原作用依赖者激活施加它的pro-differentiative活动激活安培的蛋白质kinase小径。有趣地，区分myoblasts是为adiponectin的autocrine，并且到氧化应力的支持inflammatory背景或暴露的mimicking强烈从区分房间增加荷尔蒙的生产。这些数据建议adiponectin的一个新奇函数，直接协调myogenic区别程序并且在骨胳的myogenesis期间服务一个autocrine函数。

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简介：Theclinicalexploitationofelectricallystimulatedskeletalmusclecirculationas-sistant(SMCA)isanewtechnologyinlater80’s.Itismainlyusedforadvancedstageheartfailureandprogressiveheartdiseases.Thiskindofheartdiseaseshasahigherincidenceanditsdeathrateoccupiesfirstplaceinallkindsofheartdiseases.Thetreatmentsuchashearttransplantingisrestrictedbycertaincircumstances,soitcannotbeusedingeneral.ThewayofSMCAcanavoidmanydisadvantagessuchasex-

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简介：AbstractSkeletal muscle plays an essential role in generating the mechanical force necessary to support the movement of our body and daily exercise. Compared with cardiac and smooth muscle, in mammals, skeletal muscle exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity in response to damage. Muscle stem cells, also known as satellite cells, directly contribute to regeneration. Here, we review primary and secondary myogenesis processes with a focus on muscle stem cells, as well as the function and regulation of muscle stem cells in adult muscle regeneration in mammals.

简介：BACKGROUND:ResearchesindicatethatpatientswithWilsondisease(WD)haveabnormalskeletalmetabolism,whichisinducedbyvariousfactors.OBJECTIVE:ToprobeintothechangingcharacteristicsofabnormalskeletalmetabolisminWDpatientsandobservetheeffectofdecoppertherapy.DESIGN:Case-contrastandself-controlstudy.SETTING:DepartmentofNeurology,AffiliatedHospitalofNeurologicalInstitute,AnhuiCollegeofTraditionalChineseMedicine.PARTICIPANTS:Atotalof35patientswithWDincluding21malesand14femalesagedfrom10to42yearswiththemeanageof(20±8)yearswereselectedfromDepartmentofNeurology,AffiliatedHospitalofNeurologicalInstitute,AnhuiCollegeofTraditionalChineseMedicinefromSeptember2000toFebruary2001.Allthepatientswereincompliancewiththediagnosticcriteria:historyoffamilyheredity;conesymptomsinvitro,physicalsignorliversymptoms;positiveKayser-Fleischerring;serumcopperprotein＜200mg/LorAcopperoxidase＜0.2;urinecopper＞1.6μmol/24hours;livercopper＞250μg/g(dryweight).Thecontrolgroupwasselectedfrom25casesofhealthindividualsincluding13malesand12femalesagedfrom16to35yearswiththemeanageof(22±6)years.Allpatientswhoparticipatedinthestudywereinformedfirstandconsented.METHODS:Patientsintreatmentgroupweretreatedwithvenousinjectionof1.0gsodiumdimercaptosulfonate,onceadayfortotally6successivedays.Andthen,patientsrestedfor2days.Thisprocedurementionedabovewasregardedasacourse,andthetreatmentlastedfor4-8courses.Beforeandafterinjectionofsodiumdimercaptosulfonate,serumcalcitonin(CT),osteocalcin(BGP),parathyroidhormone(PTH)and1,25-(OH)2VitD3weremeasuredwithradio-immunitymethod:blood,urinecalcium,phosphorumandurinecreatinineweremeasuredwithbiochemicalanalyzer;urinedihydropyrimidinedehydrogenase(DPD)wasdetectedwithenzyme-immunitymethod;bonemineraldensity(BMD)wascheckedattheonethirdfromdistalendofulnaandradiuswithsingle

简介：Background:Thoughthemechanismsofskeletalmuscleregenerationaredeeplyunderstood,thoseinvolvedinmusclecontusion,oneofthemostcommonmuscleinjuriesinsportsmedicineclinics,arenot.Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoexplorethemechanismsinvolvedinmuscleregenerationaftercontusioninjury.Methods:Inthisstudy,atotalof72micewereused.Eightofthemwererandomlychosenforthecontrolgroup,whiletherestweresubjectedtomusclecontusion.Subsequently,theirgastrocnemiusmuscleswereharvestedatdifferenttimepoints.Thechangesinmusclemorphologywereassessedbyhematoxylinandeosin(HE)stain.Inaddition,thegeneexpressionwasanalyzedbyreal-timepolymerasechainreaction.Results:Thedatashowedthattheexpressionofmanygenes,i.e.,specificmarkersofimmunecellsandsatellitecells,regulatoryfactorsformuscleregeneration,cytokines,andchemokines,increasedintheearlystagesofrecovery,especiallyinthefirst3days.Furthermore,therewerestrictrulesintheexpressionofthesegenes.However,almostallthegenesreturnedtonormalat14dayspost-injury.Conclusion:Thesequenceofimmunecellsinvadedaftermusclecontusionwasneutrophils,M1macrophagesandM2macrophages.SomeCC(CCL2,CCL3,andCCL4)andCXC(CXCL10)chemokinesmaybeinvolvedinthechemotaxisoftheseimmunecells.HGFmaybetheprimaryfactortoactivatethesatellitecellsaftermusclecontusion.Moreover,2weeksareneededtorecoverwhenacutecontusionhappensasusedinthisstudy.

简介：目的：观察针刺对胰岛素抵抗模型大鼠骨骼肌Akt2mRNA表达的影响。方法：将24只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和针刺组，用葡萄糖氧化酶法、ELISA、实时荧光定量PCR等方法，检测比较各组大鼠空腹血糖（FastingPlasmaGlucose，FPG）、血浆胰岛素（FastingInsulin，FINS）、胰岛素敏感性指数（InsulinSensitivityIndex，ISI）、血清c-肽（cPeptide，C—P）和骨骼肌Akt2mRNA的表达。结果：模型组大鼠的FPG、FINS、C—P较空白组显著升高（P〈O．01），ISI和骨骼仙Akt2mRNA表达显著降低（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）；针刺组的FPG、FINS、C—P较模型组显著降低（P〈0．01，P〈0．01，P〈0．05），ISI和骨骼肌Akt2mRNA表达显著升高（P〈0．01）。结论：针刺治疗胰岛素抵抗的作用机理可能与上调Akt2mRNA的表达，改善PI3K通路的信号转导有关。

简介：1.ThebasicsofmiRNA-mediatedregulationTheplasticityofskeletalmuscleisofutmostimportanceforrespondingtoandcopingwithenvironmentaldemandsthatemergefromchangesinphysicalactivitypatterns,nourishment,hormonalstatus,andhealth.Asiswellknown,asedentarylifestyle,aging,immobilization,andchronicdiseasesareassociatedwithreducedmusclemassandfunction,whileregularexerciseimprovesmusclefunctionandreducestherateofdecrementthroughoutlife.However,wedonothaveacompleteunderstandingofthemolecularfactorscontrollingskeletalmuscleadaptationtoexercisestimuli.RecentlyidentifiedmicroRNAmolecules(miRNAs)haverapidlygained

简介：Toenrichthegenomicinformationofthecommerciallyimportantfishspecies,weobtained5,063high-qualityexpressedsequencetags(ESTs)fromthemusclecDNAdatabaseofthemandarinfish(Sinipercachuatsi).Clusteringanalysisyielded1,625uniquesequencesincluding443contigs(from3,881ESTsequences)and1,182sin-gletons.BLASTXsearchesshowedthat959uniquesequencessharedhomologytoproteinsintheNCBInon-redundantdatabase.Atotalof740uniquesequenceswerefunctionallyannotatedusingGeneOntology.The1,625uniquesequenceswereassignedtoKyotoEncyclopediaofGenesandGenomesreferencepathways,andtheresultsindicatedthattranscriptsparticipatinginnucleotidemetabolismandaminoacidmetabolismarerelativelyabundantinS.chuatsi.Meanwhile,weidentified15genestobeabundantlyexpressedinmuscleofthemandarinfish.Thesegenesareinvolvedinmusclestructuralformationandregulationofmuscledifferentiationanddevelopment.ThemostremarkablegeneinS.chuatsiisnucleasediphosphatekinaseB,whichisrepresentedby449ESTsequencesaccountingfor8.86%ofthetotalESTsequences.Ourworkprovidesatranscriptprofileexpressedinthewhitemuscleofthemandarinfish,layingdownafoundationinbetterunderstandingoffishgenomics.

简介：目的Coptidis根茎(CR)，亚洲植物(包括的黄连属chinensisFranch)的弄干的根茎，被用来对待糖尿病mellitus几千年。我们探索了CR在骨胳的肌肉上直接扮演的可能性，为葡萄糖动态平衡负责的主要机关，并且激活5-AMP-activated蛋白质kinase(AMPK)，导致骨胳的肌肉的新陈代谢的改进的一个发信号的中间人。孤立的老鼠epitrochlearis和soleus肌肉在包含一篇CR水摘录(CE)的一个缓冲区被孵化的方法，和AMPK和相关事件的激活被检验。响应CE治疗的结果，在AMPK的催化子单元的Thr172的phosphorylation，为完整的kinase激活的必要的步，在两肌肉增加了。乙酰CoAcarboxylase(ACC)的Ser79的Phosphorylation，AMPK的内长的底层，附随地增加了。isoform特定的AMPK活动的分析表明CE两个都激活催化子单元的1和2isoforms。重要地，AMPKphosphorylation上的CE的最大的效果比berberine(BBR)的显著地大，显示CE的行动完全没被归功于到BBR。我们建议那CE的结论是在快抽动、慢抽动的骨胳的肌肉的AMPK的尖锐使活跃之物。

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