简介：C3d是补体C3不可再被酶解的最小片段,在抗原特异性免疫建立之前,C3d可识别非己抗原并与之共价结合,增强了抗原递呈细胞的递呈能力、降低了B细胞的活化阈、提高特异性抗体的滴度、促进抗体亲和力成熟等.近年来研究显示,C3d还可以促进抗原特异性细胞免疫应答水平并改变机体免疫应答模式.所以,C3d是连接固有性免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁.本文对C3d的分子生物学特征、生物学功能以及作为分子佐剂可能的分子机制进行了简要总结.

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简介：TaijiquanisamartialartofthehighestorderisculturallyetchedintheChineseheritageandentrenchedinwushupulpfictionandkungfumovies.Thereinliestheenigma.Thegentleslow-motionpracticecannotbemoreremotefromthespeedandpowerofcombat.AndaddingtothemystiqueisthepropositionthatTaijiquan'skungfuprowessisnotdrawnfromthephysicalstrengthofthemusculaturebutfromsome"innerstrength"orNeijin.ThissacredbeliefwasdesecratedwhenafighterthrashedaselfproclaimedTaijiquangrandmasterignominiouslyin10secondsinanopenmatch.Taijiquanwasthenderidedasaboguscombatart.TheincidentshakesthefoundationofTaijiquanandputsintoquestionsmanyofitstoutedclaims,whichchallengesthescientificquestoftheart.ThepaperconfrontstheissuedirectlybystudyingthemanifestationofNeijinintheframeworkofsciencetoprovideascientificbasisfortheart.Ittranscribestheyin-yangmetaphysicsthatregulatesTaijiquantrainingintermsofthealignmentofmuscleactionstobalanceandtounifymomentum,whichdevelopsthecorestrengthofNeijinandtheunderlyinglife-forceQienergy.Fromthisflowsthekungfumarvels,whichlieinthelivelinessandagilityofNeijin'sresponseandintheforceensuingthatisoftherightvectorvalues,allessentialinthefluidityofcombatapplication.ThemartialaspectofTaijiquanprovidesaconcreterepresentationofNeijin,whichgivesanexperientialinsightintothemultifacetedconceptofQi,andinturnapathwaytotheexplorationofQiinphysiologyandthusinQienergymedicine.

简介：ThisisthespecialissuedevotedtobioinformaticsresearchinSingapore.BioinformaticsresearchinSingaporestartedlargelyin1996whentheBioinformaticsCenter,NationalUniversityofSingapore,wasformed.Withthegovernment'seffortstoturnSingaporeintoapowerhouseofbiomedicalresearch,theGenomeInstituteofSingaporeandtheBioinformaticsInstituteofSingaporehavebeenestablishedsince2000.Recently,abioinformaticsresearchcenterwasalsoformedintheNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Currently,therearealargenumberofbioinformaticsresearchteamsineachoftheseinstitutions.

简介：目的：构建一个牛dSl酪蛋白调控序列指导人溶菌酶（hLYZ）基因组序列的杂合基因座。方法：采用本实验室发明的连续3步缺口修复技术。将6个无痕连接的同源臂插入以pBR322为载体的骨架中，构成能进行3次连续基因抓捕的载体，利用Red同源重组系统介导的缺口修复技术，分别抓捕牛aSl酪蛋白3’端调控序列（9kb）、hLYZ基因座序列（5kb）、牛axSl酪蛋白5’端调控序列（20kb），使这3个基因片段自动无痕地连接在基因抓捕载体上，形成牛oLSl酪蛋白一hLYZ杂合基因座。结果：实验经过PCR扩增、限制性内切酶酶切验证和序列测定，验证了hLYZ的基因组序列对牛仪S1酪蛋白编码基因组序列的精确置换。结论：这种修复技术为乳腺生物反应器高效表达大载体的制备提供了可行的思路及方法。

简介：Themodulationandcontrolofgecko'sfootmovementswerestudiedelectrophysiologicallyinordertodesignthemotorcontrolsystemofagecko-mimicrobot.Inthisstudy(1)theanatomyoftheperipheralnervescontrollingthegecko'sfootmovementswasdetermined;(2)therelationshipbetweenthelimbnervesofthegeckoanditsfootmotorpatternswasstudied;(3)theafferentimpulsesofthenervesevokedbyrubbingthegecko'stoesandpalmwererecorded;(4)copyingthenaturalpatternsofmovementofthegecko'sfoot(abduction,adduction,flexion,andrevolution)anditslimbnervemodulationandcontrolmechanism,thenerveswerestimulatedundercomputercontrol,andtheresultsrecordedbyCCD.Resultssuggestthatgecko'sfootmovementscanbesuccessfullycontrolledbyartificialelectricalsignals.

简介：Thesandfishisalizardhavingtheremarkableabilitytomoveindesertsandinaswimming-likefashion.Themostout-standingadaptationstothismodeoflifearethelowfrictionbehaviourandtheextensiveabrasionresistanceofthesandfishskinagainstsand,outperformingevensteel.Weinvestigatedthetopography,thecompositionandthemechanicalpropertiesofsandfishscales.Theseconsistofglycosylatedkeratinswithhighamountofsulphurbutnohardinorganicmaterial,suchassilicatesorlime.Remarkably,atomicforcemicroscopyshowsanalmostcompleteabsenceofattractiveforcesbetweenthescalesurfaceandasilicontip,suggestingthatthisisresponsiblefortheunusualtribologicalproperties.Theunusualglycosylationofthekeratinswasfoundtobeabsolutelynecessaryforthedescribedphenomenon.Thescalesweredissolvedandreconstitutedonapolymersurfaceresultinginpropertiessimilartotheoriginalscale.Thus,weprovideapathwaytowardsexploitationofthereconstitutedscalematerialforfutureengineeringapplications.

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简介：CCAAT/enhancer有约束力的蛋白质α(C/EBPα)是transcriptional禁止细胞增殖的规章的因素，和其他的翻译开始生产二多肽，C/EBPαp30并且C/EBPαp42。由表示介绍，C/EBPαp30specifically禁止了基因的一个唯一的集合，这被揭示，包括MPP11，p84N5和SMYD2，它没被C/EBPαp影响42在两根QSG-7701hepatocyte房间线和QGY-7703hepatoma，cells.Semi量的RT-PCR分析独立地证实了这些结果。Chromatinimmunoprecipitation试金显示出30比C/EBPαp更强烈绑了在这些基因的倡导者的那C/EBPαp42。在C/EBPα是调整的down的临床的hepatoma在样品，所有三基因明确地由30在上面的C/EBPαp禁止了调整。然而，MPP11，p84N5和SMYD2genes的压抑可能直接不涉及C/EBPαp30-mediated生长抑制。我们的数据建议30调整的那C/EBPαp目标基因的一个唯一的集合并且多于C/EBPαp的dominant-negativeregulator42。

简介：组蛋白甲基化是参予细胞的过程的一个多样的数组的重要epigenetic现象并且被发现了与癌症被联系。几的Recentidentification嘘一demethylases证明了那嘘一甲基化是一个可逆过程。通过一条候选人途径，我们化学上有简历作为H3K27demethylase识别了JMJD3。进HeLa房间的JMJD3的Transfection引起了整齐的乙醇H3K27的特定的减小，但是没在di-和单音的甲基H3K27上有效果，或嘘H3K4和H3K9上的一离氨酸methylations。Theenzymatic活动要求JmjC域和被建议了为余因子绑定重要的保存组氨酸。试管内生物化学的实验证明那JMJD3directly催化demethylation。另外，我们发现JMJD3起来在前列腺癌症，和它的表示调整了在变形前列腺癌症是更高的。因此，我们作为能够把整齐的乙醇组从移开的ademethylase识别了JMJD3嘘一H3离氨酸27并且起来在前列腺癌症调整了。

简介：China'sFreeARTProgramwasinitiatedin2002asanemergencyresponsetosaveandimprovethelivesofAIDSpatientslivingmainlyinimpoverishedruralregionsofcentralChina.WithlittleexperienceinHIV/AIDStreatmentandcareandresourcelimitations,China'seffortstoprovidewidespreadaccesstofreeantiretroviraltherapyhasbeenaprocessfraughtwithdifficulty.However,theFreeARTProgramisprogressingfromanemergencyresponsetoastandardizedtreatmentandcaresystem.Thedevelopmentofnationalguidelines,trainingprograms,alaboratorysupportnetwork,anationalpatientdatabase,programsforspecialpopulationssuchaschildrenandpatientslivingwithcoinfections,andoperationalresearchhasimprovedthescopeandqualityofthefreetreatmentprogram.AsofJune30,2005,atotalof19,456patientsin28provinces,autonomousregions,andspecialmunicipalitieshadreceivedfreeART.ChallengesstemmingfromthenatureofChina'shealthsystemandpatientpopulationpersist,butwithstronggovernmentsupportandadiversesetofresources,Chinahasthecapacitytoovercomethesechallengesandtoprovidenationwideaccesstohighqualitytreatmentandcare.

简介：Naturalcomposites,formedthroughbiomineralization,havehighlyorderedstructureswhichhavebeenaptlyexploredforfunctionalapplications.Thoughtheroleoforganicphaseshasbeenwellunderstoodinbiomineralization,notenoughattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleofbio-membraneswhichareoftenfoundencapsulatingthechamberinwhichmineralizationoccurs.Wehaveusedthenaturalproteinandsemi-permeablemembraneofchickeneggstogrowdifferentmaterialssuchasceramics,semi-metalsandmetalstounderstandtheroleofbio-membranesinbiomineralization.Weherereportthesuccessfulbiomimeticsynthesisofcalcite,cadmiumsulphide,andsilverhavinghomogeneousmorphologies.Wehavefoundthatthemembraneoperateslikeatunedgateway,playingasignificantroleincontrollingthemorphologyoftheinorganiccrystalsformedduringbiomineralization.

简介：ThekinematicsofturningmaneuversofstartledCrucianCarp(Carassiusauratus)arepresented.AllescaperesponsesobservedareC-typefast-starts.Thepositionofthecenterofmassandthemomentofinertiaofthefisharecalculated.Theresultsshowthatthepositionofthecenterofmassisalwaysat35%ofthelengthofthefishfromtheheadandthepositionofthecenterofmassandmomentofinertiacanbeconsideredunchangedduringC-startofCrucianCarp.HydrodynamicanalysisoftheC-startisgivenbasedonthekinematicsdatafromourexperiments.TheC-startconsistsofthreestages.Instage1,thetailfinoffishrapidlyflapsinonedirection,andalargemomentactsonthefish'sbody,whichrotatesaroundthecenterofmasswithanangularacceleration.Instage2,thetailfinflapsmoreslowlyintheoppositedirectionatslowerspeed,thefish'sbodyrotatesaroundthecenterofmasswithangulardecelerationandthecenterofmassofthefishmovesalonganarc.Instage3,themomentapproximatelyequalszero,thefish'sbodystopsrotatingandthecenterofmassthemovesalongastraightline.

简介：非受体酪氨酸激酶c-Abl广泛表达于人和哺乳动物等的细胞中并受到严格调控，通过蛋白之间相互作用、与DNA相互作用及其酪氨酸激酶活性在一系列的重要生命活动中发挥调节作用。在应激损伤反应如DNA损伤反应中．c-Abl的Ser^465被ATM和DNA-PK磷酸化而激活，通过与Rad51、p53和p73等分子的相互作用参与DNA重组修复、细胞周期和细胞凋亡等的调控，不同信号途径之间的平衡决定细胞的生存和死亡。

简介：目的建立具有潮霉素(hygromycin)抗性的3T3细胞系,用于转染目的基因(pTRE-Ins-human)的ES阳性细胞克隆筛选的饲养层.方法通过脂质体转染的方法,将含有潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因的质粒pHyg导入3T3细胞中,利用潮霉素的药物选择特性,对转染细胞进行压力筛选,并对其进行PCR鉴定.结果经500μg/ml的潮霉素压力筛选后,获得了抗性细胞克隆.抗性3T3细胞的形态和生长速度与正常3T3细胞没有差异,特异性核苷酸引物检测抗性细胞基因组DNA,可以扩增出对应的核苷酸片段.结论成功地培育了潮霉素抗性的3T3细胞,为进行目的基因(pTRE-Ins-human)转染ES细胞的阳性细胞克隆筛选奠定了基础.

简介：通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904~0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173~0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。

简介：Circulargenomes,beingthelargestproportionofsequencedgenomes,playanimportantroleingenomeanalysis.However,traditional2Dcircularmaponlyprovidesanoverviewandannotationsofgenomebutdoesnotofferfeature-basedcomparison.Forremedyingtheseshortcomings,wedeveloped3DGenomeTuner,ahybridofcircularmapandcomparativemaptools.Itscapabilityofviewingcomparisonsbetweenmultiplecircularmapsina3Dspaceoffersgreatbenefitstothestudyofcomparativegenomics.Theprogramisfreelyavailable(underanLGPLlicence)athttp://sourceforge.net/projects/dgenometuner.

简介：Thecorona-likespikesorpeplomersonthesurfaceofthevirionunderelectronicmicroscopearethemoststrikingfeaturesofcoronaviruses.TheS(spike)proteinisthelargeststructuralprotein,with1,255aminoacids,intheviralgenome.Itsstructurecanbedividedintothreeregions:alongN-terminalregionintheexte-rior,acharacteristictransmembrane(TM)region,andashortC-terminusintheinteriorofavirion.WedetectedfifteensubstitutionsofnucleotidesbycomparisonswiththeseventeenpublishedSARS-CoVgenomesequences,eight(53.3%)ofwhicharenon-synonymousmutationsleadingtoaminoacidalternationswithpredictedphysiochemicalchanges.ThepossibleantigenicdeterminantsoftheSproteinarepredicted,andtheresultisconfirmedbyELISA(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay)withsynthesizedpeptides.AnotherprofoundfindingisthatthreedisulfidebondsaredefinedattheC-terminuswiththeN-terminusoftheE(envelope)pro-tein,basedonthetypicalsequenceandpositions,thusestablishingthestructuralconnectionwiththesetwoimportantstructuralproteins,ifconfirmed.Phyloge-neticanalysisrevealsseveralconservedregionsthatmightbepotentdrugtargets.

简介：C／EBPs增强子结合蛋白是核转录因子，其作用范围广泛，既参与正常的生理代谢过程，又与多种疾病的发生和发展相关，其作用方式多样，对转录有正、负调控作用。C／EBPβ是其第二位成员主要通过对靶细胞基因转录的调节，参与细胞的增殖与分化、肿瘤的发生与凋亡等重要生命活动；其功能受到蛋白酶降解、磷酸化、蛋白质相互作用等多种途径的调控。本文就C／EBPs的调控机理及其与肿瘤的关系综述如下。

简介：混合的系kinase(MLK3)3是被肿瘤坏死因素激活的激活mitogen的蛋白质kinasekinasekinase--伪(TNF-伪)并且明确地在TNF-伪刺激上激活c6月N终端kinase(JNK)。TNF-伪由激活MLK3的机制不被知道。TNF联系受体的因素(TRAF)是被招募到TNF受体的细胞质的结束并且调停的改编者分子，包括JNK的激活下游的发信号。这里，我们报导MLK3与TRAF2，TRAF5和TRAF6联系；然而，仅仅TRAF2能显著地导致MLK3的kinase活动。到TRAF领域并且为到它的C终端一半(氨基酸511-847)的MLK3的TRAF2地图的相互作用领域。与对方一起的内长的TRAF2和响应以一种时间依赖者方式的TNF-伪处理的MLK3伙伴。在MLK3和TRAF2之间的协会调停有绑在MLK3的TRAF2删除异种的MLK3激活和竞争以一种剂量依赖者方式稀释MLK3kinase活动，在TNF-伪处理上。而且MLK3的下游的目标，JNK被TNF-伪以一种TRAF2依赖的方式激活。因此，我们在TRAF2和MLK3之间的直接相互作用为TNF-伪-被要求的数据表演导致了MLK3和它的下游的目标的激活，JNK。