简介：<正>Human’sancestorwasoriginallyamemberofthetenthousandthingsofcreation.Inalonghistoryafterenteringintocivilization.humanstillmaintainedharmonyandequilibriumwithnature.However,thehighlydevelopedmoderntechnologyandeconomysenthuman

简介：Background:Nationalforestresourceassessmentsandmonitoring,commonlyknownasNationalForestInventories(NFI’s),constituteanimportantnationalinformationinfrastructureinmanycountries.Methods:ThisstudypresentsdetailsaboutdevelopmentsoftheNFIinChina,includingsamplingandplotdesign,andtheusesofalternativedatasources,andspecifically·reviewstheevolutionofthenationalforestinventoryinChinathroughthe20thand21stcenturies,withsomereferencetoEuropeandtheUS;·highlightstheemergenceofsomecommoninternationalthemes:consistencyofmeasurement;moreefficientsamplingdesigns;implementationofimprovedtechnology;expansionofthevariablesmonitored;scientifictransparency;·presentsanexampleofhowChina’sexpandingNFIexemplifiestheseglobaltrends.Results:MainresultsandimportantchangesinChina’sNFIaredocumented,bothtosupportcontinuedtrendanalysisandtoprovidedatauserswithhistoricalperspective.Conclusions:NewtechnologiesanddataneedsensurethattheChineseNFI,likethenationalinventoriesinothercountries,willcontinuetoevolve.Withinthecontextofhistoricalchangeandcurrentconditions,likelydirectionsforthisevolutionaresuggested.

简介：描述的这篇论文主要理想的四个基本模型作为Kunlunshan模型，在山Lushan国家公园美化Xumishan模型，基督教徒桃树花陆地模型，模型。在有象东方山谷的东方格罗夫庙，白鹿洞学院，简洁和宁静庙宇，Lushan山谷，和别墅簇一样的理想的风景特征的山Lushan的五个典型地方被分析，并且为每个地方的基本模型的集成被讨论让现实主义的风景遵循理想的需要。而且，讨论也包含了在资源，文化，结构，函数，进程，规模和区域被展示的理想的风景的特征。在结论，在山Lushan国家公园的理想的风景是在人和自然之间的相互作用的产品。山Lushan与超过1000年的历史继承中国传统的文化的本质；并且它也在不同文化之中和冲突和改编象在自然和人文学科之间的交换一样吸收西方的文化的吗哪。自然风景能被生态的计划的方法对幸存需求和人类的文化味觉满意。

简介：Abstract:FortyspeciesofBasidiomycotafrom21generain15families,collectedfromLiuxiheNationalForestPark,Guangzhou,China,havevaluesforusebylocalpeople.Morethanhalfofthespeciescollectedareedible,andsome(Lactariusdeliciosus,Boletusspp.)aregatheredforcommercialconsumptioninSouthChina.Tenspecieshavemedicinalproperties,andincludeDictyophora,Ganoderma,PisolithusandScleroderma.Over60%species(26taxa)areectomycorrhizalinvolving12ediblefungi.ThemostabundantfamiliesweretheAmanitaceae,BoletaceaeandSclerodermataceae,whichformimportantectomycorrhizalassociationswithconiferousandmixedbroad-leafedtreesinthePark.Prospectiveusesofthesemacrofungiarediscussed.

简介：Background:Estimationoftreediversityatbroaderscaleisimportantforconservationplanning.Treediversityshouldbemeasuredandunderstoodintermsofdiversityandevenness,twointegralcomponentstodescribethestructureofabiologicalcommunity.Variationofthetreediversityandevennesswithelevation,topographicrelief,aspect,terrainshape,slope,soilnutrient,solarradiationetc.arewelldocumented.Methods:Presentstudyexploresthevariationoftreediversity(measuredasShannondiversityandevennessindices)ofMajellaNationalPark,Italywithfiveavailableforesttypesnamelyevergreenoakwoods,deciduousoakwoods,black/aleppopinestands,hop-hornbeamforestandbeechforest,usingsatellite,environmentalandfielddata.Results:Hop-hornbeamforestwasfoundtobemostdiverseandevenwhileevergreenOakwoodswasthelowestdiverseandeven.Diversityandevennessofforesttypeswereconcurrenttoeachotheri.e.foresttypewhichwasmorediversewasalsomoreeven.Asabroadpattern,majorityportionofthestudyareabelongedtomediumdiversityandhighevennessclass.Conclusions:SateliteimagesandotherGISdataprovedusefultoolsinmonitoringvariationoftreediversityandevennessacrossvariousforesttypes.PresentstudyfindingsmayhaveimplicationsinprioritizingconservationzonesofhightreediversityatMajela.

简介：Background:Wildlifeandlivestockgrazingareimportantproductsofforestecosystems,butcanbecontroversial.HerbivorybyNorthAmericanelkanddomesticcattleisacontentiousmanagementissuethroughoutwesternNorthAmerica,oftendrivingmanagementproposalstodecreasecattleandelknumbersbasedonperceivedoverutilizationofforages.Suchobservationsareoftensitelevelratherthanlandscape,andmayconfuseecologicalsustainabilitywithdesiredconditions.Methods:Weusedlinetransectstodocumentvegetationcomposition,structure,andgrazingandbrowsingutilizationfor4keyhabitattypes:mountainmeadows,aspen,thinnedconifer,andburnedconiferonLincolnNationalForest,NewMexico,USA.Wedocumentedrelativehabitatuseofthesetypesbyelk,muledeer,andcattleandmodeledrelativeuseonresidualgrassbiomassofmountainmeadowsandbrowseutilizationofforestedtypes.Wedetermineddietsanddietqualityofelkandcattletoassessdegreeofcompetition.Results:Useofgrassesinmeadowswasbelowmanagementthresholds,andcombinedelk,cattle,anddeerrelativehabitatuseaccountedfor<14%ofthevarianceinresidualstubbleheightofPoapratensis,themostabundantgrass.Palatablebrowsewaslimitedinhabitattypes(<107stems·ha~(-1)),usewasgenerallyhigh,andelkpresencewascorrelatedwiththemajorityofbrowsing.Elkandcattledietsdidnotsignificantlyoverlap(Schoener'sindex0.54–0.57);elkfedprimarilyondeciduousshrubs(34%–55%ofannualdiets)andcattleongrass(72%–77%).Digestibilityandcrudeproteinlevelsofcattledietsandbodyconditionofelkindicatedhighqualitydietsforcattleandmarginal–goodqualitydietsforelk.Conclusions:Atobservedstockinglevelsanddensities,cattleandelkwerenotcompetingforforagebasedondietsimilarity,norwerekeyhabitattypesbeingusedbeyondsustainablelevels.LowbrowseavailabilityindicatesthatopportunityexiststoincreaseforageavailabilityonLincolnNationalForest,andthusmaintainorincreasepopu

简介：NowadaysSongshanNationalNatureReserveattractsarapidlyincreasingnumberoftourists.However,thedevelopmentofatouristeconomyandthefurtherexploitationofthenaturallandscapethreatentheecologyandmanagementofthereserve.Therefore,definingtherelationshipbetweenecologicaltourismandecologicalprotectioncanprovideaframeworkforthemanagementandexploitationofthereserve.Basedontheanalysisofcurrentsituationandquestionsofthereserve,thispaperprobesintothere...

简介：WemappedtheforestcoverofKhadimnagarNationalPark(KNP)ofSylhetForestDivisionandestimatedforestchangeoveraperiodof22years(1988-2010)usingLandsatTMimagesandotherGISdata.SupervisedclassificationandNormalizedDifferenceVegetationIndex(NDVI)imageclassificationapproacheswereappliedtotheimagestoproducethreecoverclasses,viz.denseforest,mediumdenseforest,andbareland.Thechangemapwasproducedbydifferencingclassifiedimageriesof1988and2010asbeforeimageandafterimage,respectively,inERDASIMAGINE.Errormatrixandkappastatisticswereusedtoassesstheaccuracyoftheproducedmaps.Overallmapaccuraciesresultingfromsupervisedclassificationof1988and2010imagerieswere84.6%(Kappa0.75)and87.5%(Kappa0.80),respectively.Forestcoverstatisticsresultingfromsupervisedclassificationshowedthatdenseforestandbarelanddeclinedfrom526ha(67%)to417ha(59%)and105ha(13%)to8ha(1%),respectively,whereasmediumdenseforestincreasedfrom155ha(20%)to317ha(40%).ForestcoverchangestatisticsderivedfromNDVIclassificationshowedthatdenseforestdeclinedfrom525ha(67%)to421ha(54%)whilemediumdenseforestincreasedfrom253ha(32%)to356ha(45%).BothsupervisedandNDVIclassificationapproachesshowedsimilartrendsofforestchange,i.e.decreaseofdenseforestandincreaseofmediumdenseforest,whichindicatesdenseforesthasbeenconvertedtomediumdenseforest.Areaofbarelandwasunchanged.Illicitfelling,encroachment,andsettlementnearforestscausedthedenseforestdeclinewhileshortandlongrotationplantationsraisedinvariousyearscausedtheincreaseinareaofmediumdenseforest.ProtectivemeasuresshouldbeundertakentocheckfurtherdegradationofforestatKNP.

简介：由偶然的价值方法，我们在Heilongjiang省学习了Hongxing国家自然保护区(HNNR)的沼泽地生态系统服务的弃权价值，东北中国。为HNNR的保护的愿意付钱的回答者(WTP)的比例是63?%。WTP比率受回答者的地理区域，接触性质，个人偏爱，和熟悉的度影响。WTP价值受年龄，教育水平和回答者的事业影响。主要推理因为拒绝支付保护HNNR的人是我不对HNNR熟悉，我没为因为低收入的另外的花有能力。加权的平均单个WTP价值是为有WTP的所有回答者的CNY59.26元ind1年1。HNNR的全部的弃权生态系统服务价值是CNY1430在2013的百万元。遗产价值被存在价值和选择价值最高跟随。从在HNNR的高生态系统服务价值，为保护自然生态系统和自然资源的人的持续使用构造自然保护区是很重要的。

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简介：Background:Aftertheirdeath,Scotspinetreescanremainstandingfordecadesandsometimesupto200years,forminglong-lastingandecologicallyimportantstructuresinborealforestlandscapes.Standingdeadpinesdecayveryslowlyandwithtimedevelopinto‘kelo'trees,whicharecharacterizedbyhardwoodwithsilvery-coloredappearance.Thesekelotreesrepresentanecologicallyimportant,longlastingandvisuallystrikingelementofthestructureofnaturalpine-dominatedforestsinborealFennoscandiathatisnowadaysvirtuallyabsentfrommanagedforestlandscapes.Methods:Weexaminedandmappedtheamount,structuralfeatures,sitecharacteristicsandspatialdistributionofdeadstandingpinetreesoveratenhectareareainanunmanagedborealforestlandscapeintheKalevalaNationalParkinRussianVienaKarelia.Results:Themeanbasalareaofdeadstandingpinetreesintheforestedpartofthelandscapewas1.7m~2?ha~(-1)andtheestimatedvolume12.7m~3?ha~(-1).Fromthetotalnumberofstandingdeadpinetrees65%werekelotrees,withabasalareaof1.1m~2?ha~(-1)andvolumeof8.0m~3?ha~(-1),theremainderconsistingofstandingdeadpinesalongthecontinuumbetweenarecentlydeadtreeandakelotree.Overall,standingdeadpinesweredistributedthroughoutthestudyarea,buttherewasatendencytowardsspatialclusteringupto<100mdistances.Standingdeadpinesweremostcommonlysituatedonflatgroundorinthemidslopeinthelocaltopography.Inaddition,standingdeadpinescontributedtosubstratediversityalsobycommonlyhavingcharredwoodandbrokentops.Basedonthepresenceofdeadpinesnagsindifferentstageoftransitionfromarecentlydeadpinetoakelowithsilverysurface,itseemsevidentthattheprocessofkelorecruitmentwascontinuouslyinactioninthestudiedlandscape.Conclusions:Kelotreesareanomnipresentfeatureinnaturalpine-dominatedforestlandscapeswithimportantcontributiontoforeststructuralandsubstratediversity.Becauseo

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