简介:EfficientactivationofTlymphocytesthroughTcellreceptor(TCR)dependsontwosignals.Thefirstsignal(signalone)isderivedfromTCRinteractingwiththeMHC/antigenicpeptidecomplex,whichconfersantigenicspecificitytotheimmuneresponse.Thesecondsignal(signaltwo)isprovidedbytheengagementofTcellsurfacereceptorswiththeirspecificligandsonantigenpresentingcell(APC)[1].Asthereisgrowingevidenceforbidirectionalcommunicationsandsocalled“reversesignaling”fortraditionallydefinedligands,thedistinctionbetweenreceptorsandligandsbecomeslessclear.Thesepairsofmoleculesshouldbeviewedascosignalingmoleculesfunctioningincellswhichwouldexpresseitherthereceptorsortheligands.
简介:AbstractHepatitis C infection is not uncommon in pregnant women. Vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus is estimated at 4%-8%, however this transmission rate is significantly higher when the mother is co-infected with HIV. Intrauterine blood transfusions can be a necessary part of management for certain perinatal conditions like hemolytic disease of the fetus. Currently there is no published material available on the vertical transmission risk of HCV infection to the fetus as a result of this procedure, irrespective of HIV coinfection. We present a case of a pregnant woman co-infected with HCV and HIV that required an intrauterine blood transfusion during pregnancy. Vertical transmission of either infection to the child did not occur. This provides important evidence that vertical transmission of HCV and/or HIV does not necessarily occur with intrauterine blood transfusions.
简介:我科采用钳央下CO2激光环切包皮术26例,收到了满意效果。报告如下。1资料与方法:1.1临床资料:本组病例共伤人,均为未成年人。其中包皮过长7人,包茎9人。多因包皮炎、包皮垢、包皮病痒或阻茎勃起时龟头不能暴露等原因前来我科诊治。1.2手术方法:取仰卧位,手术野备皮后常现消毒铺巾,用2%利多卡因于阴茎根部阻滞麻醉,麻醉显效后,术者和助手分别用血管钳提起包皮口两侧作轻轻牵引。若为包茎患者用血管钳扩张包皮口,有粘连者分离包皮内板与阴茎头之间的粘连。于包皮背侧正中用直血管钳经包皮口将包皮全层钳夹一压痕至冠状沟0.5厘米处,直血管钳包绕湿纱布后经包皮口插入压痕处内板与阴茎头之间,以保护明茎头和避免组织经
简介:摘要目的研究急性CO中毒患者血清内NSE(神经元特异性烯醇化酶)与中毒程度的关系。方法回顾性分析病人临床资料,按照0-12.5μg/l,12.5ug/l-25.0ug/l,>25.0ug/l将病人分为NSE正常组和NSE值轻度升高组及NSE重度升高组。观察各组急性内脏器官受损的情况及迟发性脑病情况。结果NSE值正常组、NSE值轻度升高组和NSE值重度升高组的急性内脏器官受损发生率分别为11.11%、32.0%、62.86%,迟发性脑病发生率分别为0%、16.0%、40.0%。结论急性CO中毒患者6h内的NSE值可预测中毒程度的急性内脏器官受损的情况及迟发性脑病情况。
简介:Inthispresentstudy,theruodeloftherabbitwithacutemyocardialischemia(AMI)wasusedtoexploremechanismsofinterrelationhetweenNeiguanacupoint(PC6)ofthePeri-cardiumMeridianandthehearthyemployingphysiologicalandmorphologicaImethods.Itwasdemonstratedthatelectroacupuncture(EA)atNeiguan(PC6)couIdraisetheeIectricalexcitahilityofischemicmyocardium,lessenthedispersityofrecoveryexcitability,correctthedisorderofelectricalactivity;protectmyocardiacglycogenandphosphorylaseandalleviatetheirdepletion,increasecontentofribonucleiacid(RNA),etc.,indicatingthatEAcouldhelpoxidativernetaholismcarryoutnormal-IyandirnProvenutritionalstateoftheischemicmyocardiurn.ThekeypointofEAactionisprobablyregulatesthecoronarymicroclrculationofheartandreclistributesmyocardialbloodflow.Studieswithalkalinephosphatase(ALP),Mg2--ATPaseandABScastingoftheIeftcoronaryarteryshowedthatafterEAthenumberandtheIengthof
简介:Exosomes是endocytic起源的nanoparticles,由由他们调制cell-to-cell通讯的能力的优点正在吸引增加的注意的无数房间人口藏匿了。他们也在许多免疫学的问题正在吸引注意,包括autoimmunity和,特别地调整cytokine和chemokine激活的他们的能力。主要胆汁的肝硬化(PBC)被认为一个模型自体免疫疾病,它对胆汁的上皮的房间有高度集中的细胞毒素的回答。我们与PBC和30健康控制(HC)从29个病人从血浆孤立exosomes,并且用一个前vivo系统在mononuclear房间人口在co-stimulatory分子表示和cytokine生产上学习了这些exosomes的效果。我们也与HCexosomes相比在PBC识别了microRNA(miRNA)人口。我们此处报导尽管exosomes不改变cytokine生产,他们显著地确实在介绍抗原的人口上改变co-stimulatory分子表示。进一步,我们在CD14+单核白血球上表明了那CD86起来调整的表情,而在CD11c+上起来调整的CD40由从有PBC的病人的exosomes的树枝状的房间。另外,有在有PBC的病人的传播exosomes的miRNA表示的差别。这些数据基于co-stimulatory分子玩的观察有重要重要性在T房间激活的规定的一个微分角色。我们的观察显示从PBC的异常exosomes有选择地在介绍抗原的房间的不同子集导致co-stimulatory分子的表示。这些改变可以在自体免疫的肝疾病的致病包含。
简介:1耳科常用激光激光是继原子能、计算机以及半导体之后,人类的又一重大发明。因其前所未有的高能量、高精确性等特点,激光自发明伊始即被广泛应用于包括临床医学在内的各个领域。在耳科学领域,空间狭小、组织功能脆弱等特征使得耳科手术始终充满了挑战。近年来,随着显微设备、激光设备及手术技术的不断进步,激光技术在耳科学的应用日趋普及并取得了巨大的成功。