简介：年龄相关性黄斑变性（age-relatedmaculardegeneration，AMD）是一个多因素多基因多过程介导的慢性退行性病变。亚临床炎症是组织结构对损害性应激或者异常功能做出的介于炎症和正常之间的状态，其生理功能是保存正常功能和稳态。本文旨在通过亚临床炎症为中心，探讨AMD各种致病机制的内在联系。在个体遗传基因不同易感性为基础上，危险因素直接或者间接通过氧自由基累积影响基因，导致视网膜神经层-色素表皮细胞-Bruch膜-脉络膜毛细血管（neuroretina-pigmentepithelium-Bruch＇smembrane-choriocapillaris，NR-RPE-MB-CC）长期处于一种亚临床炎症状态，最终导致视网膜细胞凋亡或者脉络膜血管增生。

简介：<正>在20世纪,耳鼻喉科不仅发展很快,而且对整个医学作出重大贡献:本世纪初气管食管窥镜的成功应用,创建了气管食管学;40年代双目手术显微镜问世导致耳显微外科的诞生;60年代初发现电刺激耳蜗神经引起听觉,发明人工耳蜗植入,至80年代引入微机处理,数字信息技术,产生多道程控人工

简介：目的探讨白内障防盲手术中透明质酸酶和亚甲蓝染色对麻醉效果和连续环形撕囊成功率及对手术效果的影响。方法100例（100眼）白色白内障随机分为2组进行前瞻性研究。球周麻醉中加入透明质酸酶及改良亚甲蓝前囊膜染色组53例,对照组（球周麻醉中不加入透明质酸酶和前囊不染色）47例。球周麻醉后,行现代白内障囊外摘除及人晶状体植入术。比较环形撕囊成功率、术中并发症、术后反应情况、视力、眼压。结果2组术中撕囊成功率及人工晶状体体囊袋内植入率均有差别,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义;2组术后反应情况、视力、眼压无统计学意义。结论球周麻醉中加入透明质酸酶及改良亚甲监染色明显提高连续环形撕囊成功率。降低白内障手术并发症,无明显副作用,且廉价易得,适合在防盲白内障手术中推广。

简介：AIM:Anaerobicbacteriacancauseocularinfections.WetestedtheOxyPlateTMAnaerobicSystem(OXY)toisolatepertinentanaerobicbacteriathatcancauseoculardisease.METHODS:OXY,whichdoesnotrequiredirectanaerobicconditions(i.e.bags,jars),wascomparedtoconventionalisolationofincubatingculturemediainanaerobicbags.Standardcoloniescountswereperformedonanaerobicocularbacterialisolatesunderaerobicandanaerobicconditions(anaerobicbags)usingagarmedia:1)OXY(aerobiconly),2)5%sheepblood(SB),3)Chocolate,and4)Schaedler.Thebacteriatestedwerede-identifiedocularisolatesculturedfromendophthalmitisanddacryocystitisthatinclude10Propionibacteriumacnesand3Actinomycesspecies.Thecolonycountsforeachbacteriaisolate,oneachculturingcondition,wererankedfromlargesttosmallest,andnon-parametricallycomparedtodeterminethebestculturingcondition.RESULTS:Allanaerobicconditionswerepositiveforalloftheanaerobicisolates.SBandSchaedler’sagarunderaerobicconditionsdidnotsupportthegrowthofanaerobicbacteria.SparsegrowthwasnotedonchocolateagarwithPropionibacteriumacnes.Asananaerobicsystem,SBinananaerobicbagisolatedhighercolonycountsthanOXY(P=0.0028)andchocolateagar(P=0.0028).CONCLUSION:AlthoughOXYdidnottesttobemoreefficientthanotheranaerobicsystems,itappearstobeareasonablealternativeforisolatinganaerobicbacteriafromocularsites.Theuseofanagarmediuminaspeciallydesignedplate,withouttherequirementofananaerobicbag,renderedOXYasanadvantageoverotheranaerobicsystems.

简介：AIM:ToIntroduceanewspecializedvisualacuitychartforamblyopicchildrenaged3-5yearsoldanditsclinicalapplications.METHODS:ThenewvisualacuitychartandnotationsweredesignedbasedonWeber-Fechnerlaw.Theoptotypeswereredagainstawhitebackgroundandwerespeciallyshapedfourbasicgeometricsymbols:circle,square,triangle,andcross.Aregulargeometricprogressionoftheoptotypesizesanddistributionwasemployedtoarrangein14lines.Theprogressionrateoftheoptotypesizebetweentwolineswas1.2589andthetestingdistancewas3m.VisualacuityscorecouldberecordedaslogMARnotationordecimalnotation.Agestratifieddiagnosticcriteriaforamblyopiaestablishedbyconsensusstatementondiagnosisofamblyopia(2011)amongmembersoftheStrabismusandPediatricOphthalmologyGroup,OphthalmologySociety,ChineseMedicalAssociation(SPOGOSCMA)wereillustratedinthenewvisualacuitychart.RESULTS:Whenassessingvisualacuityinchildrenaged3-5yearsold,thisnewvisualacuitychartthatconsistsoffoursymmetricalshapes(triangle,square,cross,andcircle)overcameaninabilitytorecognizethelettersofthealphabetanddifficultiesindesignatingthedirectionofblackabstractsymbolssuchasthetumbling’E’orLandolt’C’,whichthesubjectswerepronetoloseinterestin.Thevisualacuityscoremayberecordedindifferentnotations:decimalacuityandlogMAR.Thesetwonotationscanbeeasilyconvertedeachotherintheneweyechart.Themeasurementsofthisnewchartnotonlyshowedasignificantcorrelationandagoodconsistencywiththeinternationalstandardlogarithmicvisualacuitychart(r=0.932,P<0.01),butalsoindicatedahightest-retestreliability(89%ofretestscoreswerewithin0.1logMARunitsoftheinitialtestscore).CONCLUSION:Theresultsofthisstudysupportthevalidityandreliabilityofdistancevisualacuitymeasurementsusingtheneweyechartinchildrenaged3to5yearsoverawiderangeofvisualacuities,andtheneweyechartisgreatforearl