简介：Fromaneconomicpointofview,theindustrialecon-omyisefficienttoovercomesituationsofascarcityofgoods.Fromatechnologicalpointofview,theresourceefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocessesoftheindustrialeconomyhasbeenper-manentlyimprovedduringthelast200years.Inaddition,cleanerprocesseshavebeendeveloped.However,fromanecologicpointofview,anincreasingworldpopulationwithincreasingconsump-tionhasproduceda'globalfootprint'whichapproachesthecar-ryingcapacityoftheplanet.Acirculareconomyanditshigh-valuespin-offs-alakeeconomyandaperformanceorfunctionalserviceeconomy-canfulfilcustomers'needswithconsiderablylessresourceconsump-tion,lessenvironmentalimpairmentinproductionandconsidera-blylessend-of-lifeproductwaste,especiallyinsituationsofaf-fluence,whenaconsiderablestockofphysicalgoodsandinfra-structuresexists.Also,insituationsofascarcityofnaturalresources,bothen-ergyandmaterials,oftencharacterisedbyrapidlyrisingresourceprices,theeconomicactorsofacirculareconomyhaveahighcompetitiveadvantageovertheactorsoftheindustrialeconomy,duetomuchlowerprocurementcostsformaterialsandenergy.Fromasocialpointofview,acirculareconomyincreasesthenumberofskilledjobsinregionalenterprises.However,theshiftfromalinearmanufacturingeconomytoacircularorserviceeconomymeansachangeineconomicthinking,fromflow(throughput)managementtostock(asset)management:inamanufacturingeconomywithlargelyunsaturatedmarkets,totalwealthincreasesthroughaccumulationasresourcethrough-put(flow)istransformedintoahigherstockofgoodsofbetterquality(butinamanufacturingeconomywithlargelysaturatedmarkets,wealthrepresentedbythestockofgoodswillnolongerincrease);inacircularorserviceeconomy,totalwealthincreasesthroughasmartmanagementofexistingphysicalassets(stock)thatareadaptedtochangesinbothtechnology

简介：CitiesbasedonminingaredistinctivefromothercitiesinChina.Theirheavydependenceonminerals,arelativelyundiversifiedindustrialstructure,seriouslydamagedecologicalenvironmentandtheratherlowdegreeofopennesshaveallreducedtheircompetitiveness,andseverelyconstrainedandhinderedtheirsustainabledevelopment.Inthispapertheauthorswillstudymining-basedcitiesfromtheperspectiveofsustainabledevelopment,firstbyhavingacriticalreviewoftheirfeatures,andthenbyresearchingintostrategicoptionstosupporttheirsustainabledevelopment.