简介:<正>Background:Increasingcaloricexpenditureinphysicaleducationisconsideredaneffectiveschool-basedapproachtoaddressingthechildobesityepidemic.Thisstudywasdesignedtodeterminesynergisticinfluencesofstudentcharacteristicsandlessonfactorsoncaloricexpenditureinelementaryandmiddleschoolphysicaleducation.Methods:Thestudyusedamulti-leveldesign.Level-1factorsincludedpersonalcharacteristics:age,gender,andbodymassindex.Level-2factorsincludedlessonlength,content,andschoollevel.BasedontheCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionage—genderadjustedgrowthchart,studentsin87classesfrom14elementaryand15middleschoolswerepre-screenedinto"Overweight","Healthyweight",or"Thin"groups.Oneboyandonegirlwererandomlyselectedfromeachgroupineachclassasdataproviders(264elementaryand294middleschoolstudents).Caloricexpenditurewasmeasuredin243physicaleducationlessonsusingaccelerometers.Results:Analysisofvariancerevealedandhierarchicallinearmodelingconfirmedseparateagebybodymassindex,agebygender,andcontentbylesson—lengthinteractioneffects,suggestingthatthepersonalandlessonfactorsinfluencedcaloricexpenditureindependently.Oldermaleandheavierstudentsburnedmorecaloriesinalllessons.Studentsburnedmorecaloriesin45—60minsportskillorfitnesslessonsthaninshorter(30min)orlonger(75—90min)gameormulti-activitylessons.Conclusions:Thehypothesizedcross-levelinteractionwasnotobservedinthedata.Caloricexpenditurecanbeoptimizedin45—60minsportskillorfitnessdevelopmentlessons.Itcanberecommendedthatschoolsadopt45—60minlessonlengthandprovideskillandfitnessdevelopmenttasksinphysicaleducationtomaximizecaloricexpenditure.
简介:ThehugewinterstormofDecember23–29,2015deliveredheavyrainfallinabroadswathacrosstheUSA,delugingEast-CentralMissouri.Recordhighriverlevelsweresetatmanysites,butdamagesweremostpronouncedindevelopedfloodplainareas,particularlywherehighleveeswerebuiltorriverchannelsgreatlynarrowed.Anaverageof20cmofrainthatmostlyfellinthreedaysimpactedtheentire10300km2MeramecBasin.Comparedtothepriorrecordfloodof1982,thehighestrelativestage(+1.3m)onMeramecRiveroccurredatValleyParkproximalto(1)anewlevee,(2)alandfillinthefloodway,(3)largefloodplainconstructionfills,and(4)tributarycreekbasinsimpactedbysuburbansprawl.Eventhoughonlyasmallfractionofthe1.8millionkm2MississippiRiverwatershedaboveSt.Louisreceivedextraordinaryrainfallduringthisevent,thehugechannelizedrivernearandbelowSt.Louisrapidlyrosetosetthe3rd-highesttothehigheststagesever,exhibitingtheflashyresponsetypicalofamuchsmallerriver.