简介：<正>Thereisaneedforthepreventionofupperextremityinjuriesthataffectalargenumberofcompetitivebaseballplayers.Currentlyavailableevidencealludestothreepossiblewaystopreventtheseinjuries:1)regulationofunsafeparticipationfactors,2)implementationofexerciseinterventiontomodifysuboptimalphysicalcharacteristics,and3)instructionalinterventiontocorrectimproperpitchingtechniques.Ofthesethreestrategies,instructionofproperpitchingtechniqueisunder-exploredasamethodofinjuryprevention.Therefore,thepurposeofthisreviewwastoexploretheutilityofpitchingtechniqueinstructioninpreventionofpitching-relatedupperextremityinjuriesbypresentingevidencelinkingpitchingtechniqueandpitching-relatedupperextremityinjuries,aswellasidentifyingconsiderationsandpotentialbarriersinpursuingthisapproachtopreventinjuries.Variouskinematicparametersmeasuredusinglaboratory-basedmotioncapturesystemhavebeenlinkedtoexcessivejointloading,andthuspitching-relatedupperextremityinjuries.Aswegainmoreknowledgeabouttheinfluenceofpitchingkinematicsonjointloadingandinjuryrisk,itisimportanttostartexploringwaystomodifypitchingtechniquethroughinstructionandfeedbackwhileconsideringthespecificskillcomponentstoaddress,modeofinstruction,targetpopulation,durationofprogram,andwaystoeffectivelycollaboratewithcoachesandparents.

简介：Hamstringmusclestraininjuryisthemostcommonandprevalentinjuryinsportsinvolvinghigh-speedrunning,suchasAmericanfootball,Australianfootball,Englishrugby,soccer,trackandfield,andcricket.1Hamstringmusclestraininjuryalsohasahighrecurrencerateofupto48%.2Theaveragepracticeandgametimelossduetohamstringinjuryisbetween17and60days,contingentonthegradeofinjury.2Severehamstringmusclestraininjuries,andassociatedrecurrentinju-

简介：AbstractObjective:Endoscopic approaches for sinus and skull base surgery are increasing in popularity. The objective of this narrative review is to characterize risk factors for internal carotid artery injury in endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES), highlight preventative measures, and illustrate key management principles.Data Sources:Comprehensive literature review.Methods:Relevant literature was reviewed using PubMed/MEDLINE.Results:Carotid artery injury in EES is rare, with most studies reporting an incidence below 0.1%. Anatomic aberrancies, wide dissection margins, as well as specific provider and hospital factors, may increase the risk of injury. Multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive preoperative imaging, patient risk assessment, and formal training in vascular emergencies may reduce the risk. Management protocols should emphasize proper visualization of the injury site, fluid replacement, rapid packing, angiography, and endovascular techniques to achieve hemostasis.Conclusions:While EES is a relatively safe procedure, carotid artery injury is a devastating complication that warrants full consideration in surgical planning. Important preventative measures include identifying patients with notable risk factors and obtaining preoperative imaging. Multidisciplinary teams and management protocols are ultimately necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality.

简介：Background:The2mostcitedsportsinjurypreventionresearchframeworksincorporateinterventiondevelopment,yetlittleguidanceisavailableinthesportsscienceliteratureonhowtoundertakethiscomplexprocess.Thispaperpresentsageneralizableprocessfordevelopingimplementablesportsinjurypreventioninterventions,includingacasestudyapplyingtheprocesstodevelopalowerlimbinjurypreventionexercisetrainingprogram(FootyFirst)forcommunityAustralianfootball.Methods:Theinterventiondevelopmentprocessisunderpinnedby2complementarypremises:(1)thatevidence-basedpracticeintegratesthebestavailablescientificevidencewithpractitionerexpertiseandenduservaluesand(2)thatresearchevidencealoneisinsufficienttodevelopimplementableinterventions.Results:Thegeneralizable6-stepinterventiondevelopmentprocessinvolves(1)compilingresearchevidence,clinicalexperience,andknowledgeoftheimplementationcontext;(2)consultingwithexperts;(3)engagingwithendusers;(4)testingtheintervention;(5)usingtheory;and(6)obtainingfeedbackfromearlyimplementers.Followingeachstep,interventioncontentandpresentationshouldberevisedtoensurethatthefinalinterventionincludesevidence-informedcontentthatislikelytobeadopted,properlyimplemented,andsustainedovertimebythetargetedinterventiondeliverers.ForFootyFirst,thisprocessinvolvedestablishingamultidisciplinaryinterventiondevelopmentgroup,conducting2targetedliteraturereviews,undertakinganonlineexpertconsensusprocess,conductingfocusgroupswithprogramendusers,testingtheprogrammultipletimesindifferentcontexts,andobtainingfeedbackfromearlyimplementersoftheprogram.Conclusion:Thissystematicyetpragmaticanditerativeinterventiondevelopmentprocessispotentiallyapplicabletoanyinjurypreventiontopicacrossallsportssettingsandlevels.Itwillguideresearcherswishingtoundertakeinterventiondevelopment.

简介：Background:Preventinganteriorcruciateligament(ACL)injuriesisimportanttoavoidlong-termadversehealthconsequences.Identifyingbarrierstoimplementationofthesepreventionprogramsiscrucialtoreducingtheincidenceoftheseinjuries.OurpurposewastoidentifybarriersofimplementationforACLinjurypreventionprogramsandsuggestmechanismsforreducingthebarriersthroughapplicationofaSocioEcologicalModel(SEM).Methods:StudiesinvestigatingACLpreventionprogrameffectivenessweresearchedinMedlineviaPubMedandtheCochraneLibrary,andasubsequentreviewofthereferencesoftheidentifiedarticles,yielded15articlestotal.Inclusioncriteriaencompassedprospectivecontrolledtrials,publishedinEnglish,withACLinjuriesastheprimaryoutcome.Studieswereindependentlyappraisedby2reviewersformethodologicalqualityusingthePEDroscale.Barrierstoimplementationwereidentifiedwhenreportedinatleast2separatestudies.ASEMwasusedtosuggestwaystoreducetheidentifiedbarriers.Results:Fivebarrierswereidentified:motivation,timerequirements,skillrequirementsforprogramfacilitators,compliance,andcost.TheSEMsuggestedwaystominimizethebarriersatalllevelsofthemodelfromtheindividualthroughpolicylevels.Conclusion:IdentificationofbarrierstoprogramimplementationandsuggestinghowtoreducethemthroughtheSEMisacriticalfirststeptowardenablingACLpreventionprogramstobemoreeffectiveandultimatelyreducingtheincidenceoftheseinjuries.

简介：Inarecentpaper,Donaldsonetal.~1arguedthatlowerextremityinjuriescanbeprevented.Evidence-basedsportsinjurypreventiveexerciseprogramsusuallyhavelimitedimpactonpublichealthbecausetheyarenotwidelyadoptedorsustainedintoregulartrainingroutines.Onereasonforthisisthattheinterventionprogrammaynotseemrelevantforthespecific

简介：假设你是学校广播站英文节目的编辑．请按照下面图画所示内容．用英语写一篇广播稿．向同学们介绍在发生禽流感疫情的情况下应采取的一些预防措施。

简介：Theincreaseinneurotrophicfactorsaftercraniocerebralinjuryhasbeenshowntopromotefracturehealing.Moreover,neurotrophicfactorsplayakeyroleintheregenerationandrepairofperipheralnerve.However,whethercraniocerebralinjuryalterstherepairofperipheralnerveinjuriesremainspoorlyunderstood.Ratinjurymodelswereestablishedbytransectingtheleftsciaticnerveandusingafree-falldevicetoinducecraniocerebralinjury.Comparedwithsciaticnerveinjuryaloneafter6–12weeks,ratswithcombinedsciaticandcraniocerebralinjuriesshoweddecreasedsciaticfunctionalindex,increasedrecoveryofgastrocnemiusmusclewetweight,recoveryofsciaticnervegangliaandcorrespondingspinalcordsegmentneuronmorphologies,andincreasednumbersofhorseradishperoxidase-labeledcells.Theseresultsindicatethatcraniocerebralinjurypromotestherepairofperipheralnerveinjury.

简介：<正>Regularlyplayingsportsorexercisingisbecominganimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.Asthepopulationplayingsportsandexercisingisincreasing,incidentsofsportsinjuriesarealsoincreasing.Sportsinjuriesresultindevastatingphysical,psychological,andfinancialconsequencesandsignificantlyimpactthelevelofactivityandqualityoflifeofpatients,whichhavenotbeenfullyrecognizedbyoursociety.Preventingsportsinjuriesandimprovingrehabilitationof

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简介：Cardiovasculardisease(CVD)istheleadingcauseofdeathworldwide.ThisarticlefocusesoncurrentguidelinesfortheprimarypreventionofCVDandaddressesmanagementofkeyriskfactors.Dietarymodification,weightloss,exercise,andtobaccousecessationarespecificareaswherefocusedeffortscansuccessfullyreduceCVDriskonbothanindividualandasocietallevel.Specificareasrequiringmanagementincludedyslipidemia,hypertension,physicalactivity,diabetes,aspirinuse,andalcoholintake.Thesepreventiveeffortshavemajorpublichealthimplications.Astheglobalpopulationcontinuestogrow,healthcareexpenditureswillalsorise,withthepotentialtoeventuallyoverwhelmthehealthcaresystem.ThereforeitisimperativetoapplyourcollectiveeffortsonCVDpreventiontoimprovethecardiovascularhealthofindividuals,communities,andnations.

简介：THEHIVEPIDEMICINCHINAisaccelerating,withcurrentestimatestoppingonemillionseropositiveindividuals.1Accordingtothelimiteddata,themajorityoftransmissionhasbeenamonghigh-riskpopulations,includinginjectiondrugusers(IDUs),bloodproductdonors/recipients,andcommercialsexworkers.StudieshaveshownHIVseroprevalencerangingfrom5%inGuangzhousexworkersto54%inwomenwitha

简介：摘要Stroke is the most important cause of death and disability in China, and most strokes (~80-90%) are preventable. Recent advances in a number of measures to reduce stroke are discussed in this narrative review, including smoking cessation, a Mediterranean pattern of eating, salt restriction, B vitamins to lower homocysteine, antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants and the management of patent foramen ovale and carotid stenosis. Lowering of homocysteine with B vitamins does prevent stroke, but patients with variants of MTHFR require higher doses of folic acid, and because of harm from cyanocobalamin among persons with renal impairment, we should use methylcobalamin or oxocobalamin instead. Aspirin resistance appears to be due to enteric coating, and ＞ 50% of Chinese have a reduced response to clopidogrel because of variants of CYP2C19, required to convert the prodrug to its active form. Direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have revolutionized anticoagulation; important differences among the DOACs are discussed. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) does reduce the risk of stroke, but in most patients with stroke and PFO the PFO is incidental; it is important to identify the subgroup in whom paradoxical embolism was the probable cause of the stroke. Some patients with PFO would be better treated with anticoagulants because of the risk of pulmonary embolism. Carotid stenting carries a higher risk in older patients, and most patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis would be better treated with intensive medical therapy than with either stenting or endarterectomy; the few who could benefit can be identified.

简介：客观：为了改进痊愈，与由craniocerebral损害复杂的腹的内脏的损害病人评价。方法：由craniocerebral损害复杂的腹的内脏的损害的176个盒子的临床的数据回顾地被分析。结果：在这个系列，44个盒子死了，死亡是25.0%。死亡的主要原因是与吃惊相结合的腹的内脏的损害和严重craniocerebral损害。结论：在早舞台由精确诊断改进痊愈率是必要的。腹的帕拉穿刺术和CT应该即时并且动态地被执行。优先级应该被给life-threateninginjuries的治疗。

简介：Thephenomenonofischemia/reperfusioninjuryisdescribedintheexperimentalmodelsofacutemyocardialinfarction(AMI),causingadditionalfunctionalandstructuraldamagetotheacutereperfusedmyocardium,andischemicpreconditioningreferstothemyocardialischemiaafteralongperiodofreperfusionbeforeoneorseveralshortoccasionalduplicationofmyocardialischemia/reperfusion1,whichcanincreasemyocardialischemictolerance.ThetherapeuticstrategiesforAMIhavefocusedonmyocardialischemia/reperfusioninjury,whichaccountsforasignificantpartofthefinalinfarctsize.Althoughexperimentsinthelast20yearshavereportedthatpharmacologicalinterventionsatreperfusionmightreducemyocardialreperfusioninjury,thiscouldnotbeconfirmedinhumanstudies.Analternativetochemicalmodifiers,postconditioning(briefrepeatedperiodsofischemiaappliedattheonsetofreperfusion)isanothermethodproventobeefficientinanimalmodelsandtobeconfirmedinrecenthumanstudies.Thissimplemethod,appliedinthefirstminuteofreperfusion,reducesthefinalinfarctsizeby30%-50%.Thisreviewwillfocusonthemechanisms,pharmacologicalpreconditioning,postconditioningtechnique,whichiseasilyapplicableinhumanpatientsinthesettingofAMI.

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简介：Thecingulum,theneuraltractconnectingtheorbitofrontalcortexwiththemedialtemporallobe,playsanimportantroleincognition(Bushetal.,2000).Itisalsoimportantinmemorybecauseitprovidescholinergicinnervationstothecerebralcortexafterobtaininginnervationfromthemedialseptalnucleus,the

简介：AbstractBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a number of bacteria in the genus Brucella. In animals, classical Brucella species naturally affiliate with mammals in which they cause epididymitis and orchitis in males and abortion storms in pregnant females. Because Brucella proliferates to a vast number of free organisms in the fetal organs and fluids, abortion plays a key mechanism in disease spread in nature. B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus construct the three most severe zoonotic species and their role in human brucellosis stems from their association with domesticated farm animals in which they strive and transmit the disease. Here we review the relevant literature on genus Brucella, vaccination and diagnostic approaches. Meanwhile, the prevention and control programs based on the combination of vaccination coverage of the population with differentiating serological diagnosis of the infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and herd clearance by a test and cull strategy using validated serological tests were discussed.

简介：Abstract:Thepossiblecausesofcondylomaacuminatarecurrencearesummarized:suchaspatientswithcellularimmunedeficiencies,physicaltherapytriggeringsubclinicalinfectivefoci,sowingofthevirusparticles,andinsufficienttherapy.Correspondingpreventivemeasuresareaddressed,including:immunomodulatorsimprovingcellularimmunity,ensuringtherangeanddepthofphysicaltherapy,andtreatingsexualpartnerssimultaneously.

简介：ObjectivesToinvestigatesafetyandeffectivityofpotassiuminpreventionofrestenosisafterPTCA.MethodsEightypatientswithPTCAwererandomizedintotwogroups:Controlgroup(GroupⅡn=40)withconventionaltherapy;Treatmentgroup(GroupⅠn=40)withconventionaltherapyplusoralpotassium(Slow-K1.2g,q8h,given3daysbeforePTCAandcontinuedtotheendofsub-study).Observationindecesoftwogroupswerecomparedinfollow-up.ResultsSeventy-sevenpatientswerefollowed-up(39ingroupⅠ,38ingroupⅡ)Allbloodindices(includingfat,sugar,uricacid,cretonne,Na+,Cl-,Ca2+,Mg2+)exceptbloodpotassiuminbothgroupsweresimilar.Oralpotassiumcouldincreasebloodpotassiumlevelabout0.3mmol/LingroupⅠwithoutcausinganysideeffects.SuspiciousanginapectorisandevidenceofmyocardialischemiabyETTweredevelopedingroupⅡhad14patients(28.9%)andGroupIhad7patients(17.9%);6of17patients(35.3%)ingroupⅠand11of21patients