简介：Accordingtothestructure-basedforestmanagementtheory,theappraisalindicessystemofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencywasestablishedfromspatialutilization,speciesdiversity,constructivespeciescompetitionandtreecomposition,whichcouldbeusedtodepictstandstatus,anditsmetewandwasgiven.RelativeweightwasendowedbyTheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP),andthentheconceptionofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasputforwardforthefirsttimeandappliedtofourdifferentsamplingplotsofnaturalforest,threeofthemfromDongdapoforestregion,Jiaohe,Jilinprovince,andonefromBaihuaforestarea,Xiaolongshan,Gansuprovince,China.Theresultsareasfollowing:thestandstatuswasobviouslyimprovedafterbeingmanagedandplotA,Bgotamarkof"medium"whileCandDwere"perfect".Fromhightolow,thearrangementofforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasC>D>A>B.Thisappraisalresultabidedbythephenomenondetectedinthepracticalfield.Theforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexbroughtupinthispapercouldbetakenasawayofcomprehensivequantitativechangeofstandstatewhichdirectlyreflectstheeffortofforestmanagementandaffordsscientificbasisofnaturalforestmanagementeffort.

简介：<正>Since1980s,participatoryapproach,asatoolandmajortechnology,hasbeenreceivedbymanycountriesandinternationalorgans,andhasbeenusedextensivelyintheprojectsofsurvey,povertyrelief,resourcedevelopmentandresourceprotection.Indeed,thesedevelopmentactions,supportedby

简介：Afterreviewingalargequantityofliteraturesathomeandabroad,thenaturalregenerationbarriermechanismsofforestweredescribed,includinglackofseed,animaleatingandtrespass,plantsallelopathy,microbialpathogenesis,unusualstateofecologicalfactorslikelight,temperature,humidityandrainfall,physicalobstructofunderstorygroundcoverandlitters,naturalandhumandisturbanceanddifferenceforestcommunitycharacteristics.Thepaperfinallycameupwiththeproblemsexistinginthecurrentresearchandthedevelopmentideaoftheresearch.

简介：ItiswellknownthatthecharacteristicsofChina’ssituationsareoverpopulation,poorfoundation,lowculturalandscienceandtechnologylevels,lackandunevendistributionofresources,andlowrankingofpercapitaGDP.Owingtothebackwardofscienceandtechnologyandmanagement,therelativelyshort-suppliedresourceshasnotbeenutilize

简介：1ThestudybackgroundandgoalsGuizhouprovinceissituatedintheeasternpartofYunnan-Guizhouplateau,mountainandhillyareaaccountsfor90%ofthetotalarea,isthetypicalmountainousagricultureprovince,andisalsoaprovinceconcentratedwithethnicminorities.Guizhouisthepoorestp

简介：Behaviorsofsikadeerinspringwerestudiedbyscansampling,adlibitumsampling,andall-occurrencerecordingmethodsduring1998.Theresultsshowedthatbehaviorsofsikadeerinspringcanbeclassifiedbysevencategories:grazing,ruminating,bedding,moving,standing,drinking,alert,agonisticandotherbehaviors.Variousbehavioralmodelsweremoreregular.Grazingbehaviorwasakindofmainlybehavioralmodel.

简介：Amodelstandofnear-naturalforestwithanareaof3000m^2wasestablishedasacasestudyinPudongNewDistrict,ShanghaiCityin2000.Elevenspecieswereplantedinmodelstand.Asthedominantspeciesofcommunity,4evergreenbroad-leavedtreespecies,namely:Machilusthunbergii,Cyclobalanopsisglauca,C.mylsinafoliaandCastanopsissclerophyllawerechosen,accompanyingwithevergreenbroadleavedshrubspecieslikePittosporumtobira,LigustrumquihouiandDis~'liumracemosum,etc.aswellasdeciduoustreespecies,Liquidambarformosana,etc.Afterthree-yeargrowth,thecommunityphysiognomyhadchangedtobeashrubstage,andthehighesttreereachedto4.6m.Aforestphysiognomywouldbeformedinabout10yearsestimated.Themethodofconstructionofnear-naturalforestthathadbeenworldwidelyappliedwouldalsoplayakeyroleintheconstructionofurbanforestinChina.

简介：这研究被瞄准调查PhyllocnistiscitrellaStainton的出现(柠檬leafminer；CLM)，它最近在南部的南朝鲜，和它的天赋引起了增加的损坏到柠檬农场敌人，它能充当生物控制代理人。在现在的学习，用性pheromone陷井监视的CLM在南朝鲜在Jeju区域在主要柠檬农场被进行。另外，寄生虫的调查被执行为CLM检测有效控制代理人。在从2011～2015的调查期间，成年CLM(2,386,990)的一个相对大的数字在性pheromone陷井被观察。CLM的吝啬的年度出现是477,398，它随温度的增加显示出一个增加的趋势。寄生虫的调查在2015年11月被进行。六个寄生虫被发现，它，Quadrastichussp。并且Sympiesissp。显示出寄生状态的最高的率。寄生状态的吝啬的率在调查时期期间是3.97?%。我们在南朝鲜发现了CLM的寄生虫的四新种。

简介：Thebiodiversityofarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi(AMF)wassurveyedintheKolmregionofIraninthreeadjacentsites,anaturalstand,a10-year-oldanda15-yearoldplantationofAmygdalusscoparia.Todate,therehavebeenfewstudiesofAMFbiodiversityinIran,especiallyinthewesternforestsofthecountry.Forthisstudy,soilandrootsamplesweretakenfromA.scopariarhizospheresoilinspringandautumn.AlmosthalfoftherootlengthwascolonizedbyAMF.Weidentified13AMFspeciesbelongingtoGlomeraceae,ClaroideoglomeraceaeorDiversisporaceae.Thethreeplantationsdifferedintermsofsoilelectricalconductivity,organicCandP.SporedensitywassignificantcorrelatedwithPconcentration.RootlengthcolonizationwascorrelatedonlywithsoilCa.SpeciesdiversityandrichnessweresignificantlycorrelatedwithsoilN,P,organicCandsporedensity.AMFdiversityin15-year-oldplantationswasmoresimilartothatinthenaturalstandthaninthe10-year-oldplantation.Weconfirmedthata15-year-oldplantationisnotsimilarintermsofAMFcolonizationtonaturalstands.Weconcludethatmorethan15yearsarerequiredforAMFcolonizationofplantationstoresemblethatofnaturalstands.

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简介：Approximating-natureforestrymanagementtechniqueapplicationresearchisdevelopedinCiinninghamialanceolataplantationfor17yearsatJiuxianForestFarminSongxiCounty,FujianProvince.TheresultsshowthatthebiodiversityoftheC.lanceolataplantationwasincreasedfrom48.5±3.3to74.6±3.3afteradoptingclose-to-natureforestrymanagementtechniques.Comparedwithconventionalmanagementmethod,thetestedforest’ssoilfertilitywasimproved:thesoilmoisture-physicalpropertiesandsoilexchangepropertieswereameliorated,thesoilnutrientcontentswereincreased;theaveragebreastheight,averagetreeheight,individualvolume,Chinesefirstandvolumeandstandtotalvolumewerepromotedby9.24%-17.64%,8.61%-17.29%,27.94%-58.46%,2.38%-28.64%and8.63%-37.55%,respectively.Theworsethesiteconditions,thegreatertheeffectindexeswithclose-to-natureforestrymanagementtechniqueswereimproved.

简介：ThisstudywasconductedintheHuoditangnaturally-regeneratedforest,whichislocatedatthecenterofthenaturalforestregionacrossthesouthern-slopeoftheQinlingMountains.Rainwaterandstreamwatersampleswerecollectedmainlyinrainyseasonsinthearea.ThesamplepHvaluesandchemicalconcentrationsweremeasured.Theresponseofstreamwaterchemistrytorainwateracidificationintheregionwasstudied.TheresultsshowedthatlongtimerainwateracidificationcouldresultinreductionofpHvalue,Ca2+andMg2+concentrationinthestreamwater.ThechangesofK+,Na+concentrationofstreamwaterwerenotcorrelatedwiththerainwateracidification.TherewasnoresponseofZn,PbandCdconcentrationofthestreamwatertorainwateracidification.Theacidifiedrainwaterdidnotresultinthereleaseoftheheavymetalsenrichedintheforestsoil.

简介：BirdcommunitiesweresurveyedinnaturaldeciduousforestofbothslopeareaandvalleyareaatMt.Gyebangsan(37°40'30"N,128°30'1"E),GangwonProvince,SouthKoreainwinter,spring,summerandautumnfromSeptember2000toNovember2001.Theinvestigatingresultsshowedthatthereexisteddifferencesinthebirdspeciescomposition,richness,birdspeciesdiversity,guildstructurebetweenslopeareaandvalleyarea,andtheverticalforeststructure,especiallycoverageofunderstory,anddiameteratbreastheight(DBH)distributionalsohadsignificantdifferencebetweenthetwostudyareas.Thedifferencesinhabitatstructurebetweentheareasareverylikelytohaveinfluencesonhowbirdsusedtheavailablehabitat.

简介：研究被进行检验三干燥森林种，Lysilomadivaricatum(Jacq)，Tabebuiaochracea(可汗)和Lonchocarpusminimiflorus的自然新生(Donn。Sm)在尼加拉瓜在一个三年的时期上并且到在到在Chacocente野生动物的光的地志的斜坡和发生的关系中的新生的分析异质保留。永久样品阴谋在2001被建立，并且有象10厘米和象10厘米一样大的直径一样低的高度的所有个人从2001～2003被记录三连续的年。结果证明自然地改革的个人的密度在种类之中显著地变化了，以及随着时间的过去。L。minimiflorus和T。ochracea与L相比有更高的密度。divaricatum，和在种群密度的网变化为T是稍微积极的。ochracea仅仅。新生更充满在到日光的王冠的部分暴露下面的轻轻、陡峭的斜坡，因此导致分发的聚集的模式，特别为L。minimiflorus和T。ochracea。我们断定那个自然新生独自不是足够的维持这些的股票的需要的数字种类，和一项立即的恢复措施应该被拿帮助自然新生过程。

简介：Background:Inthecontextofecosystemmanagement,thepresentstudyaimstocomparethenaturalandthepresent-dayforestedlandscapesofalargeterritoryinQuebec(Canada).Usingcontemporaryandlong-termfirecycles,eachnaturalforestlandscapeisdefinedaccordingtothevariabilityofitsstructureandcomposition,andcomparedtothepresent-daylandscape.Thisanalysiswasconductedtoaddressthequestionofwhetherhumanactivitieshavemovedtheseecosystemsoutsidetherangeofnaturallandscapevariability.Methods:Thestudyencompassedaforestedareaof17.5000km^2dividedinto14landscapes.Usingaframeworkthatintegratesfirecycles,agestructureandforestdynamics,wecharacterizedtheforestcompositionandagestructuresthatresultedfromthreehistoricalfirecycles(110,140,and180years)representativeoftheborealforestof.easternCanada.Themodelednaturallandscapeswerecomparedwithpresent-daylandscapesinregardtotheproportionofold-growthforests(landscapelevel)andtheproportionoflate-successionalforeststands(landscapelevelandpotentialvegetationtype).Results:Fourlandscapes(39%)remainwithintheirnaturalrangeofvariability.Incontrast,ninelandscapes(54%)showalargegapbetweennaturalandpresent-daylandscapes.Theseninearelocatedinthesouthernportionofthestudyarea,andaremainlyassociatedwithAbies-BetulavegetationwherehumanactivitieshavecontributedtoastrongincreaseintheproportionofPopulustremuloidesstands(early-successionalstages)andadecreaseofoldgrowthforeststands(morethan100yearsold).Asinglelandscape(7%),substantiallychangedfromitspotentialnaturalstate,isacandidateforadaptive-basedmanagement.Conclusion:Comparisonofcorrespondingnatural(referenceconditions)andpresent-daylandscapesshowedthattenlandscapesreflectinganimportantshiftinforestcompositionandagestructurecouldbeconsideredbeyondtherangeoftheirnaturalvariability.Thedescriptionofalandscape'snaturalvariabili

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简介：TheexcessiveexploitationandharvestingofforestresourcesduetoChina’seconomicconstructiondemandshavemadeitsforestresourcefallingintostructuralcrisis.Overthelastthreedecades,theareaofChina’snaturalforestsdecreasedby11millionha.Theareaofmaturedforestshasdecreasedfrom12millionhainearly50sto5.6millionhaatp

简介：碳水池在全球气候变化，和森林生态系统的复杂现象以内组成一个重要元素是重要的全球碳水池。生来的福雷斯特保护节目(NFPP)是在在在1998的在这个国家的灾难的泛滥以后被建立的中国的一个生态的节目。NFPP的目标是限制生态的环境的恶化，加强产地的保护和恢复增加生物多样性，并且恢复在森林区域支持持续开发的自然森林。这研究在NFPP的开始以后在东北中国的一个forested区域在碳隐遁看了变化。节目把瓷器自然森林划分成三classescommercial，noneconomicforeststhat的二种类型服从于规定木材收获，造林，和重新造林的变化层次的管理政体。在从1998～2015的18年的时期期间，碳隐遁的全部的数量以0.04的平均的年度率增加了?MT?C。在导致了的NFPP的实现禁止了或限制了记载以后，这个趋势反映森林管理惯例的转变，许可的收获的更紧密的规定为特定的区域铺平。在记录这个趋势，为象在在未来的另外的国家的NFPP那样的林地节目的更多的有效实现的指南也被建议。

简介：FamilyoutcrossingratesofPinuscaribaeavar.caribaeapopulationsthatdifferedinoriginandmanagementwereestimatedbyusingisozymemarkers.Thefamilyoutcrossingrateswereestimatedby(1)fixingtheprobabilityofpollengenefrequency(p);(2)allowingpollengenefrequencytovaryamongfamilies.Theestimatesoffamilyoutcrossingratesforallthepopulationsvariedwidelyamongfamilies(clonesoftheseedorchard),rangingfrom0.39to2.0.Theaveragefamilyoutcrossingratesofbothm...

简介：在考虑地表流边界条件情况下，森林对降雨径流和泥沙的影响是一个非常复杂的过程．本文给出了水源保护林在自然坡面尺度上对径流泥沙影响的初步试验研究结果，森林在自然坡面尺度上对１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率达４５５９％，洪水总量的消减率为６．８％，森林坡面径流总量为９８０．７８ｍ３，荒草坡为１０５２２３ｍ３．森林对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率为１７．９５％，森林坡面的径流总量为１５．０８ｍ３，荒草坡为１８．３８ｍ３．从１９９６年森林对降雨径流较低的消减率看，降雨量与降雨强度对径流泥沙有很大的影响．